Chap#4|Condensation and hydrolysis|Class 11 biology|New Edition Book скачать в хорошем качестве

Chap#4|Condensation and hydrolysis|Class 11 biology|New Edition Book

📘 Chapter 4 – Biomolecules 🔬 Condensation and Hydrolysis Class 11 – New Edition Biology --- 1️⃣ Condensation Reaction 📌 Definition: A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which: Two small molecules combine A molecule of water (H₂O) is released A larger molecule is formed It is also called Dehydration Synthesis because water is removed during the reaction. --- 🔎 General Formula: A–OH + H–B \rightarrow A–B + H₂O --- 🧬 Biological Examples 1. Carbohydrates When two glucose molecules join: Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + Water A glycosidic bond is formed One water molecule is released This is how disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed. --- 2. Proteins When two amino acids combine: Amino acid + Amino acid → Dipeptide + Water A peptide bond is formed Water is released Many amino acids join together to form proteins. --- 3. Lipids Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids → Triglyceride + 3H₂O Ester bonds are formed Three water molecules are released --- 🔁 Hydrolysis Reaction 📌 Definition: A hydrolysis reaction is the opposite of condensation. In this reaction: Water is added A large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules --- 🔎 General Formula: A–B + H₂O \rightarrow A–OH + H–B --- 🧬 Biological Examples 1. Digestion of Carbohydrates Starch + Water → Glucose Enzymes help break down polysaccharides into simple sugars. --- 2. Protein Digestion Protein + Water → Amino acids --- 3. Fat Digestion Lipids + Water → Glycerol + Fatty acids --- 🧠 Key Differences (Very Important for Exams) Condensation Hydrolysis Water is removed Water is added Bond formation Bond breaking Small → Large molecule Large → Small molecule Anabolic process Catabolic process Builds biomolecules Breaks biomolecules --- ⚡ Important Points for MCQs ✔ Condensation = Dehydration synthesis ✔ Hydrolysis occurs during digestion ✔ Enzymes control both reactions ✔ These reactions are essential for life --- 🎥 Short Conclusion for Your Video “Condensation reactions build complex biomolecules by removing water, while hydrolysis reactions break them down by adding water. Together, these processes maintain the balance of life.”