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Preoperative testing

Cardiovascular: ECG if patient has significant cardiac/respiratory disease or risk factors Echocardiograms/stress tests only if results would change anesthetic management Respiratory: Chest X-ray if: smoking history, recent respiratory infection, severe/unstable COPD, or significant cardiac disease PFTs selectively for symptomatic asthma/COPD or restrictive lung disease Laboratory Studies: CBC if: history of anemia, bleeding disorders, hematologic diseases, liver disease, or procedures with potential high blood loss Coagulation studies if: renal disease, liver disease, or bleeding disorders; Anticoagulation testing: Not routinely needed solely for NOACs like apixaban Electrolytes if: renal/liver disease, on certain medications (e.g., diuretics), or endocrine disease Urinalysis: Generally not routine except for urologic procedures or UTI symptoms Pregnancy test: Can be offered to women of childbearing age before anesthesia