Existentialism || Background || Characteristics || Philosophers || Criticism скачать в хорошем качестве

Existentialism || Background || Characteristics || Philosophers || Criticism

Existentialism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the 20th century, primarily in Europe, particularly in France and Germany. It is characterized by a focus on individual freedom, choice, and responsibility, as well as the subjective experience of human existence. The movement emerged in response to the perceived crisis of meaning and purpose in the modern world, particularly after the devastation of World War I. Existentialism is concerned with questions about the nature of existence, the meaning of life, and the human condition. It emphasizes the individual's search for meaning in a world that is often perceived as meaningless or absurd. Existentialism is also characterized by a rejection of traditional systems of thought and morality, and an emphasis on personal experience and subjective truth. The term "existentialism" was first used by the French philosopher Gabriel Marcel in the 1940s to describe a philosophical movement that emphasized the concrete, lived experience of human existence. It was later popularized by Jean-Paul Sartre, who used it to describe his own philosophical and literary work, as well as the work of other writers and thinkers. Existentialism has had a significant impact on literature, particularly in the fields of fiction, drama, and poetry. It has influenced writers such as Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre, among others. These writers have explored themes such as alienation, anxiety, and the search for meaning in a world that is often perceived as meaningless or absurd. Some of the most prominent types of existentialism include: Christian existentialism: This form of existentialism, associated with the works of Søren Kierkegaard and Gabriel Marcel, emphasizes the importance of religious faith and the search for God as a means of finding meaning in life. Atheistic existentialism: This form of existentialism, associated with the works of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, emphasizes the importance of individual freedom and responsibility, and rejects the idea of a predetermined purpose or meaning in life. Phenomenological existentialism: This form of existentialism, associated with the works of Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, emphasizes the importance of subjective experience and perception in shaping our understanding of reality. Absurdist existentialism: This form of existentialism, associated with the works of Albert Camus, emphasizes the idea that human existence is inherently absurd and meaningless, and that the search for meaning is ultimately futile. Existential psychoanalysis: This form of existentialism, associated with the works of Rollo May and Viktor Frankl, emphasizes the importance of understanding and confronting the existential anxieties and struggles that are inherent in the human condition. Some of the main characteristics of existentialism include: Focus on individual freedom and choice: Existentialists emphasize the importance of individual freedom and choice in determining one's own destiny. They reject the idea that individuals are determined by external factors such as social or biological determinism. Emphasis on subjective experience: Existentialists stress the importance of individual experience and subjective truth, rather than objective reality or universal truth. Importance of authenticity: Existentialists value authenticity and the pursuit of one's true self, rather than conforming to societal norms or expectations. Recognition of human finitude and mortality: Existentialists acknowledge the limits of human existence and the inevitability of death, which gives rise to anxiety and a sense of meaninglessness. Emphasis on the absurdity of human existence: Existentialists highlight the absurdity of human existence, the lack of inherent meaning in the world, and the need for individuals to create their own meaning and purpose. Rejection of traditional systems of thought and morality: Existentialists reject traditional systems of thought and morality, such as religion or traditional ethics, in favor of personal responsibility and individual choice. Emphasis on the present moment: Existentialists emphasize the importance of living in the present moment and being fully engaged in one's experiences, rather than being preoccupied with the past or future. Existentialism has been influenced by a number of writers and philosophers who have contributed to its development and popularization. Some of the key figures in existentialism include:. Despite these criticisms, existentialism has had a significant impact on philosophy, literature, and culture, and its emphasis on individual freedom and responsibility continues to be relevant in contemporary discussions of ethics and politics. #existentialism #literature #philosophy #nihilist