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Canard Design and Aerodynamic Theory

This is the fourth instalment in my aerodynamics deep-dive series, and today we’re tackling canard configurations from first principles all the way through practical design trade-offs. I build on the stability, drag, and flying-wing groundwork laid in Parts 1 - 3, so if any of the terms sound foreign, give those earlier videos a look first. In this episode we cover why you’d move the “tail” in front of the wing, how stall-proofing really works, why the efficiency gains that are a byproduct of canard usage often vanish in practice, and the design levers (airfoil camber, aspect ratio, span, vertical placement, CG envelope) that let engineers tame a naturally destabilizing foreplane. As always, the goal is to turn the theory into tools you can carry straight into your own designs, CFD runs, or flight-test plans. If you spot an error or have a different take, please speak up in the comments—this channel is here for learning and I’m all ears! Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 02:09 History and Interesting Examples 03:58 Why Canards? + Types? 07:29 Stalls 09:42 Why canards aren't everywhere 10:42 Canard Design 11:17 Airfoil Selection 14:29 Aspect Ratio 18:58 Aerodynamic Theory (the "why") 24:44 Canard Placement 30:47 CG Envelope 31:58 Span 32:49 Summary References: Anderson, J. D., Jr. (2016). Introduction to flight (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education Anderson, S. B. A Look at Handling Qualities of Canard Configurations. NASA Technical Memorandum 88354, September 1986 Bandyopadhyay G. Low speed aerodynamics of canard configurations. The Aeronautical Journal. 1989;93(921):22-28. doi:10.1017/S0001924000016651 Butler, G. F. “Effect of Downwash on the Induced Drag of Canard-Wing Combinations.” Journal of Aircraft 19 (5), 410–412 (1982). (AIAA Engineering Note 82-4111) Corcione, S., Cusati, V., Nicolosi, F. & Ciliberti, D. “Directional Stability Issues of a Three-Lifting Surface Aircraft.” XXV AIDAA International Congress (Rome, 2019), Paper 218-225 Cusati, V., Corcione, S., Ciliberti, D. & Nicolosi, F. “Design Evolution and Wind Tunnel Tests of a Three-Lifting Surface Regional Transport Aircraft.” Aerospace 9 (3), 133 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9030133 Gudmundsson, S. (2014). General aviation aircraft design: Applied methods and procedures (1st ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann Henderson, W. P. (1974, September). The effect of canard and vertical tails on the aerodynamic characteristics of a model with a 59° swept-back wing at a Mach number of 0.30 (NASA Technical Memorandum X-3088). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center Larrabee, E. E. “Trim Drag in the Light of Munk’s Stagger Theorem.” In Proceedings of the AIAA 7.4 Stagger-Trim Session, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pp. 319-327 (1978) Pandya, S. A. & Aftosmis, M. J. “Computation of External Aerodynamics for a Canard Rotor/Wing Aircraft.” AIAA Paper 2001-0997, 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno NV, January 2001 Phillips, W. F. (2009). Mechanics of Flight (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-53975-0 Prandtl, L. Induced Drag of Multiplanes. NACA Technical Note 182, 1924 (English translation of Technische Berichte III (7): 309-315) Raymer, D. P. (2012). Aircraft design: A conceptual approach (5th ed.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Wibowo, S. B., Sutrisno & Rohmat, T. A. “Computational Study of Flow Interactions over a Close-Coupled Canard-Wing on Fighter.” International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace 6 (1), Article 5 (2019) Weird wings: Canard Combat Aircraft of WW2: https://www.airvectors.net/avcanfit.html RC modeler tips:   / designing-a-model-canard-airplane-a-beginn...   Old IRON Project: http://wpage.unina.it/pierluigi.della... Aviation StackExchange good conversations: https://aviation.stackexchange.com/qu... https://aviation.stackexchange.com/qu... Image in preview: “Tu-144 in flight” © Pavel Adzhigildaev, licensed CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)