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Emergence of Independent States

Introduction The decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century led to the emergence of several independent states in different parts of India. These states were either ruled by former Mughal governors or powerful regional leaders who took advantage of the weakening central authority. 1. Bengal Founder: Murshid Quli Khan (1700–1727) Bengal became virtually independent under Murshid Quli Khan, who was originally a Mughal governor. He shifted the capital from Dhaka to Murshidabad. Introduced strict revenue collection policies and developed a strong administration. Successors: Shuja-ud-Din (1727–1739) and Alivardi Khan (1739–1756) Battle of Plassey (1757): British defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah (Alivardi Khan’s grandson), leading to British dominance in Bengal. 2. Awadh Founder: Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk (1722) He reduced Mughal control and established an efficient administration. Capital: Faizabad, later shifted to Lucknow. His successors, Safdarjung and Shuja-ud-Daulah, strengthened Awadh. Revenue System: Collected taxes efficiently and maintained a strong army. British Intervention: Became a key British ally but was annexed in 1856 under the Doctrine of Lapse. 3. Hyderabad Founder: Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I (1724) Though officially a Mughal governor, he ruled independently. Capital: Hyderabad Maintained close ties with the British and French. Successors, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad, ruled until 1948. Hyderabad remained a princely state until its merger with India in 1948. 4. The Sikhs Founder: Guru Gobind Singh established the Khalsa in 1699. After Guru Gobind Singh, Banda Singh Bahadur led the Sikh resistance against the Mughals. The Sikh Misls (confederacies) emerged in Punjab, led by local chieftains. Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1799–1839): Unified the Sikh Empire with Lahore as the capital. Established a powerful army and modernized administration. The British annexed Punjab in 1849 after the Anglo-Sikh Wars. 5. The Marathas Founder: Chhatrapati Shivaji (1674) After Shivaji’s death, the Marathas expanded under the Peshwas (Prime Ministers). Important Peshwas: Balaji Vishwanath Baji Rao I (expanded Maratha power) Balaji Baji Rao (defeated in the Third Battle of Panipat, 1761) The Marathas established their rule in central and northern India. British defeated them in the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775–1818), leading to their downfall. 6. The Rajputs Though under the Mughal Empire, many Rajput states became independent after the decline of Mughal power. Major Rajput States: Mewar (Udaipur) Marwar (Jodhpur) Amber (Jaipur) The Rajputs fought amongst themselves, which weakened them. Many Rajput rulers accepted British protection in the early 19th century. 7. Mysore Founder: Haider Ali (1761–1782) Haider Ali modernized the army and introduced military reforms. His son Tipu Sultan (1782–1799) continued his policies and fought against the British in the Anglo-Mysore Wars. Important Battles: First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–1792) Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) – Tipu Sultan was killed, and Mysore came under British control.