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Geologizing TICTACs: Unravelling ancient ocean temperatures!

It's AMAZING what you can teach with a few packets of TICTACs! Join Dr Haydon Mort and his 4 year old son, Raphael, as we explain how geologists can find out the temperature of the ocean, as it was millions of years ago! The principal described in this video is known as oxygen 'isotope fractionation'. If you are interested and want to find out more on the subject check out the links below. A vast source of outstanding and critically important ocean sediment archives mentioned in this video. The International Ocean Discovery Program. The sample shown in the video comes from ODP Site 865. Allison Guyot, Pacific Ocean, 18°26′N, 179°33′W: https://www.iodp.org/ More detailed overview and equation used to derive temperatures using δ18O (oxygen isotope measurements): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δ18O Isotope fractionation systems in general: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope... Good overview of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) event that occurred 55 million years ago, mentioned in the video. From Penn State University: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth... Perhaps the most cited and widely used paper in paleoenvironmental geochemistry. The 'Zachos, 2001' paper uses oxygen isotopes (and carbon isotopes) to see major changes in the Earth's climate/ocean system over the past 65 million years. Check it out here in Figure 2 of this PDF: http://www.essc.psu.edu/essc_web/semi...