The Flexner Report: Medical Education and Alternative Medicine's Decline скачать в хорошем качестве

The Flexner Report: Medical Education and Alternative Medicine's Decline

The sources provide a comprehensive overview of the 1910 Flexner Report, authored by educator Abraham Flexner for the Carnegie Foundation, which dramatically restructured medical education in the United States and Canada toward a scientific, university-affiliated biomedical model. While the report is widely credited with professionalizing medicine and raising standards, the texts emphasize its profound negative and exclusionary consequences, particularly the closure of hundreds of medical schools, including those focused on homeopathy and eclectic medicine, which Flexner dismissed as "quackery." Crucially, the reforms led to the near elimination of women from the physician workforce for decades and explicitly reinforced racial segregation and unequal standards by recommending the closure of five out of seven Black medical schools, severely limiting opportunities for Black physicians and contributing to current health disparities. Furthermore, the report’s influence is linked to the later dominance of the pharmaceutical model in psychiatry, marginalizing holistic and non-allopathic approaches to mental health care.