Types of Asexual reproduction || Reproduction in lower and higher animals || class12 ||MHTCET|| NEET скачать в хорошем качестве

Types of Asexual reproduction || Reproduction in lower and higher animals || class12 ||MHTCET|| NEET

Types of Asexual reproduction || Reproduction in lower and higher animals || class12 ||MHTCET|| NEET ​1. Asexual Reproduction in Lower Animals ​Invertebrates and lower animals often use asexual reproduction as their primary method of increasing population size rapidly. ​Fission ​The simplest form of reproduction where the parent organism splits into two or more equal parts. ​Binary Fission: The parent body divides into two identical individuals (e.g., Amoeba, Euglena). ​Multiple Fission: The parent divides into many daughter cells simultaneously (e.g., Plasmodium). ​Budding ​A small outgrowth, or "bud," develops on the parent's body due to repeated cell division at one specific site. ​Process: The bud matures while attached and eventually detaches to become a free-living individual. ​Examples: Hydra and Sponges. In some cases (like corals), the buds remain attached, forming a colony 1. Spore Formation Spore formation (or sporogenesis) is a common asexual method found in fungi (like Rhizopus or bread mold), bacteria, and some non-flowering plants like ferns and mosses. Process: The parent organism develops specialized sac-like structures called sporangia. Inside these sacs, hundreds of tiny, single-celled reproductive units called spores are produced. Protection: Each spore is covered by a thick, hard protective wall that helps it withstand extreme conditions like high temperature, lack of water, or high acidity. Dispersal & Germination: When the sporangium matures, it bursts open, releasing spores into the air or water. When these spores land on a suitable, moist surface with food availability, they germinate and grow into a new individual. 2. Gemmule Formation Gemmule formation is a specialized type of internal budding found primarily in freshwater sponges (like Spongilla) and some marine sponges. Process: When environmental conditions become harsh (e.g., freezing temperatures or drought), the sponge's body disintegrates, but it produces internal buds called gemmules. Structure: A gemmule is a tough, ball-like structure consisting of a mass of food-laden, totipotent cells called archaeocytes. These cells are enclosed in a thick protective envelope strengthened by siliceous spicules (needle-like structures). Survival: The gemmules remain dormant at the bottom of the water body while the parent sponge may die. Hatching: When favorable conditions return (e.g., warmer water or the return of rain), the archaeocytes emerge through a small opening called the micropyle and develop into a new adult sponge.   #neet #class12th #12thscience #bhushangayakwad #biology #biologycurriculum #12thmathobjectiveforboardexam2026 #neet #biologyimportanttopics #biologysyllabus #aiims #cbse12thbiology #12th #students