stages of papilledema, cranial nerves examination. Dr. Pankaj Raj Nepal. Aarya Neuro Hospital. скачать в хорошем качестве

stages of papilledema, cranial nerves examination. Dr. Pankaj Raj Nepal. Aarya Neuro Hospital.

Papilledema during the funduscopic examination is graded into 5 stages. stage 0 is normal. stage 1 papilledema, which is also called a minimal degree of edema. it is characterized by C shaped halo that is subtle and grayish that obscures underlying retinal details. it is also characterized by disruption of normal radial nerve fiber layer arrangement striations. however, the temporal disc margin is normal. stage 2 papilledema, which is also called low degree of edema, is characterized by a circumferential halo, and elevation of the nasal border. however, there is no major vessel obscuration. stage 3 papilledema, which is also called moderate degree of edema is characterized by obscuration of 1 or more segments of major blood vessels that are leaving the disc, circumferential edema, all the borders are elevated, and irregular outer fringe with finger-like extension. stage 4 also called marked degree of edema is characterized by total obscuration of a segment of a major blood vessel on the disc. The whole nerve head including the cup is elevated, and there is complete obscuration of the border. and the halo is also complete. stage 5 papilledema, is also called a severe degree of edema. it is characterized by partial obscuration of all vessels on disc and total obscuration of at least 1 vessel on disc. #neurosurgery #neurology #funduscopic examination #ophthalmoscopic examination #Neurohospital