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Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, grows outside the uterus. It can causing severe pain, fertility issues, and other complications. During the normal menstrual cycle, the ovaries produce estrogen, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the endometrium. If there is no pregnancy, the endometrium breaks down, causing menstrual bleeding. Women with endometriosis have endometrial cells that grow outside the uterus in places such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, intestines, colon, rectum, and the bladder. These endometrial cells respond to estrogen by thickening, breaking down, and bleeding each month. This blood becomes trapped inside the lining of the abdomen, causing pain and inflammation and the formation of scar tissue. Sometimes bands of scar tissue called adhesions can stick organs together Cysts can also form deep within the ovary, known as endometriomas. Endometriosis tissue and adhesions can even block the fallopian tubes, potentially leading to fertility problems. The exact cause of endometriosis isn't fully known, but several theories have been proposed. The most widely accepted theory suggests that endometrial cells exit the uterus through retrograde menstruation, meaning instead of exiting the uterus, the menstrual flow moves backward up the fallopian tubes. Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing endometriosis include factors such as never giving birth, short and frequent menstrual cycles, heavy periods lasting longer than a week, high levels of estrogen, low BMI, and genetic factors.