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Hammer toe deformity

What is a hammer toe? A hammer toe is a deformity that causes your toe to bend or curl downward instead of pointing forward. This deformity can affect any toe on your foot. It most often affects the second or third toe. Although a hammer toe may be present at birth, it usually develops over time due to arthritis or wearing ill-fitting shoes, such as tight, pointed heels. In most cases, a hammer toe condition is treatable. What causes a hammer toe to form? Your toe contains two joints that allow it to bend at the middle and bottom. A hammer toe occurs when the middle joint becomes flexed or bent downward. Common causes of this include: a traumatic toe injury arthritis an unusually high foot arch wearing shoes that don’t fit properly tightened ligaments or tendons in the foot pressure from a bunion, which is when your big toe points inward toward your second toe Spinal cord or peripheral nerve damage may cause all of your toes to curl downward. Risk factors for a hammer toe Certain risk factors increase your likelihood of developing a hammer toe. These include: a family history of hammer toe chronically wearing tight or pointy-toed shoes having calluses, bunions, or corns, which are thickened layers of skin caused by prolonged and repeated friction Wearing shoes that are too small can force the joint of your toes into an abnormal position. This makes it impossible for your muscles to stretch out. Over time, the practice of wearing improperly fitting shoes increases your risk of developing: hammer toes blisters and ulcerations bunions corns