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Network Layer

The Network Layer (Layer 3 of the OSI model) is responsible for routing packets across multiple networks. Main Functions: Logical Addressing: Uses IP addresses to identify devices uniquely. Routing: Determines the best path for data to travel across networks. Packet Forwarding: Moves packets from source to destination through routers. Fragmentation & Reassembly: Breaks large packets into smaller ones when needed. Key Protocols: IPv4 / IPv6: Main protocols for addressing and packet delivery. ICMP: Used for error reporting and diagnostics (e.g., ping). ARP / NDP: Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. Devices Used: Routers (primary device working at Layer 3). Layer 3 switches. Characteristics: Provides end-to-end delivery. Handles congestion and packet lifetime (TTL). Supports connectionless communication. Importance: Enables communication between different networks. Ensures efficient, scalable, and reliable packet delivery.