10.歐洲火器的萌芽The germination of European firearms скачать в хорошем качестве

10.歐洲火器的萌芽The germination of European firearms

歐洲火器的萌芽 蒙軍的西征把火藥和火器帶到了阿拉伯，阿拉伯人當時科技文化較為發達，仿製並改進了蒙軍的火器，製造了管狀火器“馬達法”。 早在公元711年，阿拉伯人侵入西班牙，在比利牛斯半島上建立了隸屬於阿拉伯哈里發的統治區。阿拉伯人在加強對西班牙人統治的同時，也帶來了東方國家先進的科技文化和生產技術，促進了當地農業和手工業的發展，與其同時把中國的四大發明也引入了西班牙。到了11世紀西班牙境內的哈里發國家分裂為20多個封建領地，西班牙人趁機收復故土，西班牙人把“收復失地運動”稱為雷康斯達。 據《砲兵》記載。阿拉伯在1325年進攻西班牙的巴薩城。 1326年進攻西班牙南部的馬爾托斯城。 1331年進攻西班牙東南部的港口阿里康特。都使用了馬達法等火器。 歐洲的火藥------“海之火” 歐洲的“海之火”技術只有希臘人掌握，是一種用於海戰的煙火劑，原理是虹吸噴射。 “海之火”最早出現於公元670-680年之間，據記載公元673年，有個出生在敘利亞的技術人員凱林尼科斯（Kallinikos），從西里西亞的海略波利斯逃到拜占庭的帝都君士坦丁堡，把“海之火”的秘方獻給了拜占庭皇帝康斯坦丁四世，當時君士坦丁堡正遭受阿拉伯軍隊的進攻，拜占庭當時也正苦於無退敵利器。 “海之火”猶如天賜神劍，拜占庭的艦隊在西吉庫斯島附近水域，用“海之火”大敗阿拉伯艦隊，解了君士坦丁堡之圍。 716年-718年阿拉伯艦隊再次進攻君士坦丁堡，被拜占庭艦隊的“海之火”焚燒一千八百多搜戰艦，僅有5艘得以逃脫。 後來的941年和1043年，俄羅斯艦隊兩次進攻君士坦丁堡，都被“海之火”打敗。 “海之火”是一種具有強烈燃燒威力的燃燒劑，用噴射裝置發射到敵船，燃燒時烈火伴隨濃煙和聲響，使得敵船沒有撲火手段而難以防禦。 對於“海之火”拜占庭人採取了極其嚴苛的保密手段，當時只有東羅馬帝國的皇帝和凱林尼科斯知道，隨著拜占庭帝國的滅亡，“海之火”成為一個迷。 後來歐洲人一直前赴後繼研究“海之火”18世紀，英國人格羅斯在其著作《軍事文物》中考證出“海之火”成分為硫磺、瀝青、石腦油、樹脂、生石灰、油、蠟和木炭的流體混合物，其中沒有硝，不同於中國的黑火藥主要成分。 當中國的火藥和火器傳到西歐，正值英法兩國“百年戰爭”期間，戰爭推動了火器的發展，這也是火器在歐洲發展迅速的一個直接原因。 1338年，法國的兵工廠已經能用硝石和硫磺製造火藥。 1347年英國的國家文書中，正式出現了槍（Gunnis）和炸彈(Bombarde)2個火器詞彙。 在英國殘存的一份關於1338年王室的文書中，第一次出現了手持槍這個詞彙（handgun） 也就是通常所說的火門槍。 The Emergence of European Firearms The Mongolian army's western expedition brought gunpowder and firearms to Arabia. At that time, the Arabs were relatively developed in technology and culture. They imitated and improved the Mongolian army's firearms, and made the tubular firearm "Mafafa". As early as 711 AD, the Arabs invaded Spain and established a ruled area on the Pyrenees Peninsula under the Arabian Caliphate. While strengthening their rule over the Spaniards, the Arabs also brought the advanced scientific and technological culture and production technology of the eastern countries, and promoted the development of local agriculture and handicrafts. At the same time, they also introduced the four great inventions of China into Spain. In the 11th century, the caliphate in Spain was divided into more than 20 feudal territories, and the Spaniards took the opportunity to regain their homeland. According to Artillery. The Arabs attacked the Spanish city of Barcelona in 1325. In 1326, they attacked the city of Martos in southern Spain. In 1331 attacked the port of Alicante in southeastern Spain. Firearms such as the motor method were used. Gunpowder in Europe——"Fire of the Sea" The European "sea fire" technology is only mastered by the Greeks. It is a pyrotechnic agent used in naval warfare. The principle is siphon jet. "Sea Fire" first appeared between 670-680 AD. According to records, in 673 AD, a Syrian-born technician Kallinikos (Kallinikos) fled from Heliopolis in Silesia to Byzantium The imperial capital of Constantinople, dedicated the secret recipe of "fire of the sea" to the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV. At that time, Constantinople was being attacked by the Arab army, and Byzantium was also suffering from no way to retreat. "Sea Fire" is like a godsend sword. The Byzantine fleet used "Sea Fire" to defeat the Arabian fleet in the waters near the island of Sigicus, and solved the siege of Constantinople. From 716 to 718, the Arab fleet attacked Constantinople again, and more than 1,800 searched battleships were burned by the "sea fire" of the Byzantine fleet, only 5 of which were able to escape. Later, in 941 and 1043, the Russian fleet attacked Constantinople twice, both of which were defeated by "Sea Fire". "Sea Fire" is a kind of burning agent with strong burning power. It is launched to the enemy ship with a jet device. When burning, the fire is accompanied by thick smoke and sound, making it difficult for the enemy ship to defend without fire fighting means. The Byzantines adopted extremely strict secrecy measures for the "Fire of the Sea". At that time, only the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and Kaelin Nichols knew that with the demise of the Byzantine Empire, "Fire of the Sea" became a mystery. Later, Europeans continued to study the "fire of the sea". In the 18th century, the British Gross in his book "Military Artifacts" verified that the "fire of the sea" was composed of sulfur, asphalt, naphtha, resin, quicklime, oil, wax and A fluid mixture of charcoal, in which there is no nitrate, is different from the main ingredient of black powder in China. When Chinese gunpowder and firearms spread to Western Europe, during the "Hundred Years War" between Britain and France, the war promoted the development of firearms, which is also a direct reason for the rapid development of firearms in Europe. In 1338, French arsenals were already able to make gunpowder from saltpeter and sulphur. In 1347, the British national instrument officially appeared two firearm terms, gun (Gunnis) and bomb (Bombarde). The word handgun appears for the first time in a surviving British document about the royal family in 1338. Also known as a firearm.