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Why Nietzsche Hated Kant

Visit http://brilliant.org/Weltgeist/ to get started learning STEM for free, and the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium subscription. SUPPORT US ON PATREON: ▶   / weltgeistyt   WATCH: ▶ Why Nietzsche Hated Socrates:    • Why Nietzsche Hated Socrates   ▶ Why Nietzsche Hated Plato:    • Why Nietzsche Hated Plato   OUR ANALYSES: ▶ Beyond Good and Evil:    • NIETZSCHE Explained: Beyond Good and Evil ...   ▶ The Antichrist:    • NIETZSCHE Explained: The Antichrist (Full ...   ▶ Genealogy of Morals:    • NIETZSCHE Explained: The Genealogy of Mora...   ▶ Twilight of the Idols:    • NIETZSCHE Explained: Twilight of the Idols...   ▶ The Will to Power:    • NIETZSCHE: Will to Power Explained (all pa...   ▶ Daybreak:    • NIETZSCHE Explained: DAYBREAK - Thoughts o...   The quote at the start of this video comes from Twilight of the Idols, one of Nietzsche’s later works. It’s decidedly more radical in tone than his earlier works. For a more nuanced take on Immanuel Kant, we need to go visit Nietzsche’s earlier writings. Let’s take a look at Nietzsche most sustained critique of him, the one we find in Beyond Good and Evil. It concerns one of Kant’s central ideas in metaphysics, his table of categories. The table of categories is therefore a part of Kant’s answer to the questions: how does the mind work? How does it make sense of the world? How does it generate experience? It’s in large part his answer to the famous question: how are synthetic judgments a priori possible? Nietzsche’s critique boils down to this: he accuses Kant of not saying much at all. Nietzsche paints with a very broad brush here, as he is wont to do. But his argument is really that behind all the technical terms and expensive words, Kant is moving around in a circle and in fact not accomplishing much at all. He is going nowhere. How does the mind work, asks Kant. And what is his answer? By a faculty of the mind. The mind works by virtue of a principle by which the mind works. It’s a non-answer. The first part of Nietzsche’s critique centres around the circle in which he claimed Kant moved. Saying that Kant didn’t really answer the question at all, but merely repeated it. Like the doctor in Molière’s play. The second part of his critique is not unique to Kant but rather a general point Nietzsche makes about all philosophy in Beyond Good and Evil, namely that each philosophy is merely a reflection of the personality of the philosopher who came up with it. Kant asks the question: how are synthetic judgments a priori possible? And Nietzsche replies with another question: why should they be possible? Kant had a very clear goal with his philosophy - he had already decided his destination. He wanted to build a bridge between the rationalism of Descartes and the empiricism of Hume, and in the process of doing so, save the possibility of scientific knowledge, a priori synthetic judgments. Kant therefore stands accused of putting the cart before the horse. Rather than being a disinterested, cold, objective thinker, who will follow whatever path his philosophy takes him, Nietzsche accuses him of having already set a destination and then rationalising his way towards a path to that destination. Kant wanted to save the possibility of synthetic judgments a priori, and therefore he found a way to do so. This is the wrong way to go about things, as we are supposed to believe, and indeed we delude ourselves into believing, that philosophy is an autonomous activity that will lead wherever it leads. If we have a predetermined conclusion we want to arrive at, that is suspicious. Philosophy is supposed to be the discipline that will tell us, through investigation and deep thought, which conclusions are correct. If we presuppose a certain conclusion, we are skipping the entire philosophical process. Nietzsche accuses basically every philosopher of doing this, including Kant. Most notably in Beyond Good and Evil he also attacks Descartes for doing the same thing. So far we have only discussed Kant’s metaphysics and epistemology. But Nietzsche’s most vitriolic critiques are reserved for Kant’s system of morals. The foundation of his critique is the same: philosophers come up with systems that are not the result of a dispassionate objective search for truth, but rather every philosophical system is a way for the philosopher to justify his personality, emotions or prejudiced beliefs. For Nietzsche, this is true in the realm of metaphysics, like we just discussed, as well as in the domain of ethics. Kant’s ethical system became famous because of the so-called categorical imperative. This is a principle based on duty for which Kant developed three formulations. This video was sponsored by Brilliant. Thank you for supporting the channel!