Скачать с ютуб Rhetorical Tricks and Ploys в хорошем качестве

Rhetorical Tricks and Ploys

This lecture covers tricks and ploys of rhetoric. Textbook: Bowell, Tracy, and Gary Kemp. Critical Thinking : A Concise Guide, Routledge, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib.... Tools of Argument • Rhetorical Force – Emotive force of a sentence o Income tax vs. income theft • Implicature – implying things o Implies things based on unspoken context. • Ambiguity – It has multiple meanings o Lexical Ambiguity – Sentences mean multiple things because the words mean multiple things. o Syntactic Ambiguity – Words have one meaning, but combined may have multiple meanings. • Vagueness – Word is uncertain (such as WMDs) Primary and secondary connotations • Primary – necessary things to mean something (Male sheep = Ram) • Secondary – additional things related to a thing (Grass eating, with wool, has horns) Definitions – necessary and sufficient conditions • Necessary – Things something must have to be X. • Sufficient – The minimum number of things for it to be counted as X. • Counterexamples – Proves something is X but lacks the necessary and sufficient conditions. Argument Tricks • Rhetorical Questions • Irony • Implicitly Relative Sentences Quantifiers – All, some, few, none, etc. • Can be vague or ambiguous. Hard Generalization – All rams are male sheep. (has words all, every, no, always, never) Soft Generalization – Some rams have horns. (some, few, normally, generally, typically) Rhetorical Ploys • Appeal to fear – Scare tactics. • Appeal to novelty – buy it, it's new! • Appeal to popularity – Hotpix is the #1 picture-sharing app! • Appeal to compassion/pity/guilt – Sad commercials. • Appeal to cuteness – Commercials with babies. • Appeal to Sexiness – commercials with someone pretty. • Appeal to wealth/status/power/hipness/coolness – luxury commercials. • Appeal to ridicule – show something is ridiculous. Direct attack/ Hard sale – Buy Tea! Scare quotes – I am sure he has "Reasons" for his policy. Trading on Equivocation – The new Diesel Go Car is environmentally friendly because it uses no gas! Trading on Implicature – Tax increases the burden on working families. Leading Questions - Why do you smell bad? Smokescreen – Changing the subject. Buzzwords – Synergy, change, freedom Jargon – Giving a heads up Acronyms – We will meet our KPIs in FY25 Spin – Injecting liquidity vs. giving them money.