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*Malthus Theory of Population* ! *Thomas Robert Malthus* (1766–1834), an English economist, presented his population theory in “An Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798). --- *Core Idea* Population tends to grow *faster* than food supply. If unchecked, this imbalance leads to poverty, hunger, and crisis. --- *Key Assumptions* 1. *Population Growth:* Increases in *geometric progression* (1, 2, 4, 8, 16…). 2. *Food Supply:* Increases in *arithmetic progression* (1, 2, 3, 4, 5…). 3. *Natural Tendency:* Population pressure will exceed resources over time. 4. *Checks on Population:* Nature and society impose limits. --- *Checks on Population Growth* *A. Preventive Checks (Human control)* Late marriage Moral restraint Self-discipline (Malthus opposed birth control on moral grounds.) *B. Positive Checks (Nature-imposed)* Famine Disease War Natural disasters --- *Malthusian Trap* When population growth outpaces food production, living standards fall back to subsistence levels despite temporary improvements. --- *Merits (Importance)* Drew attention to the **population–resource balance**. Influenced later studies in **demography and economics**. Explained historical cycles of poverty and famine. --- *Criticisms* *Underestimated technology:* Agricultural advances increased food supply. *Ignored contraception:* Family planning reduced growth rates. *Too pessimistic:* Many countries improved living standards alongside population growth. Not universally applicable, especially in modern societies. --- *Relevance Today* Still useful for understanding *overpopulation pressures* in resource-poor regions. Important in debates on *sustainable development* and environmental limits. --- *In One Line* Malthus argued that population grows faster than food supply, and unless checked, it results in poverty and crisis. 📉 *Malthus Theory of Population*    *Thomas Robert Malthus* (1766–1834), an English economist, presented his population theory in “An Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798). --- *Core Idea* Population tends to grow *faster* than food supply. If unchecked, this imbalance leads to poverty, hunger, and crisis. --- *Key Assumptions* 1. *Population Growth:* Increases in *geometric progression* (1, 2, 4, 8, 16…). 2. *Food Supply:* Increases in *arithmetic progression* (1, 2, 3, 4, 5…). 3. *Natural Tendency:* Population pressure will exceed resources over time. 4. *Checks on Population:* Nature and society impose limits. --- *Checks on Population Growth* *A. Preventive Checks (Human control)* Late marriage Moral restraint Self-discipline (Malthus opposed birth control on moral grounds.) *B. Positive Checks (Nature-imposed)* Famine Disease War Natural disasters --- *Malthusian Trap* When population growth outpaces food production, living standards fall back to subsistence levels despite temporary improvements. --- *Merits (Importance)* Drew attention to the **population–resource balance**. Influenced later studies in **demography and economics**. Explained historical cycles of poverty and famine. --- *Criticisms* *Underestimated technology:* Agricultural advances increased food supply. *Ignored contraception:* Family planning reduced growth rates. *Too pessimistic:* Many countries improved living standards alongside population growth. Not universally applicable, especially in modern societies. --- *Relevance Today* Still useful for understanding *overpopulation pressures* in resource-poor regions. Important in debates on *sustainable development* and environmental limits. --- *In One Line* Malthus argued that population grows faster than food supply, and unless checked, it results in poverty and crisis. 📉