Lasers for the FRCA скачать в хорошем качестве

Lasers for the FRCA

Just the highest yield information for the FRCA examination. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Monochromatic - one wavelength Coherent - photon wavelengths are in phase with one another Collimated - parallel beams What are the components of a laser? Optical resonator Lasing chamber with a fully reflective and a partially reflective surface at either end A lasing medium Can be solid, liquid or gas Argon, CO2, Ruby, Nd-YAG Neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet Energy source How does a laser work? Energy is applied to lasing medium, such as a flash of light or a voltage This is called 'pumping' This elevates an electron from ground state to higher energy shell It then falls back to the ground state, and emits a photon What are different lasing media used for? Ruby Tatoo removal 694nm - red laser CO2 Superficial surgery and coagulation very poor tissue penetration 10600 nm - far infra red Nd-YAG neodynium doped yttrium aluminium garnet 1060nm - infra red - near Good tissue penetration 2-6mm Used for cutting and coagulation in surgery and endoscopy Best for airway surgery Argon 480-500 nm - blue green Used in retinal coagulation and dermatology Best for eye surgery as it penetrates transparent tissues well Liquid Yellow pulsed dye Wavelength of 390-640nm Used for dermatology birthmark removal and cutaneous vascular lesions What are the safety concerns with regards to lasers? The main concerns with lasers are their potential to cause burns, particularly to the retina and optic nerve, which depends on How powerful they are Whether they stimulate the blink reflex Rated from 1 to 4 Medical = 4 CD player = 1 Staff and environment safety considerations: Goggles Block windows Lock doors Warning signs Minimise reflective surfaces Good communication Fire extinguisher and Saline available Patient Low power when aiming beam Fill ET cuff with saline Minimise FiO2 less than 0.3 Eye protection Wet swabs to protect tissues What are the features of a laser-safe endotracheal tube? Stainless steel flexible spiral Non-combustible Easy to sterilise and inert in human tissue Twin distal cuffs are an optional extra What is the immediate management of an airway fire? Turn off the laser Call for help Turn down oxygen and stop ventilation if possible Remove the burnt tube Irrigate with saline or water Facemask ventilate and then re-intubate using room air Bronchoscopy to evaluate degree of injury to airways Syllabus PC_BK_57 Lasers: basic principles and safety Full post available https://www.anaestheasier.com/lasers/ Toolit: https://anaestheasier.gumroad.com/l/t...