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Important Links- (1) Hypertonic- Hypotonic and Isotonic Solution - • Hypertonic | Isotonic | Hypotonic Solution... (2) Process of Osmosis - • What is Osmosis = Simplest Explanation fro... Download "Solution Pharmacy" Mobile App to Get All Uploaded Notes, Model Question Papers, Answer Papers, Online Test and other GPAT Materials - https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... Bacteria have adapted to a wide range of temperatures. Bacteria that grow at temperatures of less than about 15 °C (59 °F) are psychrophiles. The ability of bacteria to grow at low temperatures is not unexpected, since the average subsurface temperature of soil in the temperate zone is about 12 °C (54 °F) and 90 percent of the oceans measure 5 °C (41 °F) or colder. Obligate psychrophiles, which have been isolated from Arctic and Antarctic ocean waters and sediments, have optimum growth temperatures of about 10 °C (50 °F) and do not survive if exposed to 20 °C (68 °F). The majority of psychrophilic bacteria are in the gram-negative genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Achromobacter, and Alcaligenes. Mesophilic bacteria are those in which optimum growth occurs between 20 and 45 °C (68 and 113 °F), although they usually can survive and grow in temperatures between 10 and 50 °C (50 and 122 °F). Animal pathogens are mesophiles. Most bacteria grow in the range of neutral pH values (between 5 and 8), although some species have adapted to life at more acidic or alkaline extremes. An example of an acidophilic bacterium is A. ferrooxidans. When coal seams are exposed to air through mining operations, the pyritic ferrous sulfide deposits are attacked by A. ferrooxidans to generate sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH to 2.0 or even 0.7. However, acid tolerance of A. ferrooxidans applies only to sulfuric acid, since these bacteria die when exposed to equivalent concentrations of other acids such as hydrochloric acid. Many bacteria cannot tolerate acidic environments, especially under anaerobic conditions, and, as a result, plant polymers degrade slowly in acidic (pH between 3.7 and 5.5) bogs, pine forests, and lakes. In contrast to acidophilic bacteria, alkalophilic bacteria are able to grow in alkaline concentrations as great as pH 10 to 11. Alkalophiles have been isolated from soils, and most are species of the gram-positive genus Bacillus. Salt and water Water is a fundamental requirement for life. Some bacteria prefer salty environments and are thus called halophiles. Extreme halophiles, such as Halobacterium, show optimum growth in conditions of 20 to 30 percent salt and will lyse (break open) if this salt level is reduced. Such bacteria are found in the Dead Sea, in brine ponds, and occasionally on salted fishes and hides. Moderately halophilic bacteria grow in conditions of 5 to 20 percent salt and are found in salt brines and muds. Get in touch with the solution by just clicking following links- Facebook Group- / solutionpharamcy Facebook Page- / pharmavideo New Channel (Pharmacy Dictionary) / @pharmacydictionary Instagram- / solutionpharmacy E-Mail for official and other work - [email protected] LinkedIn- / pushpendrakpatel #solutionpharmacy #Pharmacologyclass #Pharmacognosyvideos #GPATonlinetest #GPATclass #GPATvideos #Microbiologyclass#Microbiology#