Tip-99;High-grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma скачать в хорошем качестве

Tip-99;High-grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma

Tip-99; Heterogeneity in grade is characteristic of non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, and it occurs in as many as a third of tumors and may impact the outcome. In high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, the papillae are more complex than those in low-grade tumors, with fusion and frequent branching. However, it is the cytological features, not the architectural pattern, that would determine the high-grade nature of the lesion. Tumor cells lining the papillae show disarray with loss of polarity, with irregular, pleomorphic, and hyperchromatic nuclei recognized at low to intermediate magnification. Frequent mitoses including irregular forms are usually noted. Currently, an arbitrary 5% cut-off is generally accepted to grade a lesion based on its highest grade component.