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Sensitivity & Specificity - What’s the Difference?

Learn why a positive medical test doesn't always mean you're sick—this video explains sensitivity, specificity, predictive values (PPV & NPV), and likelihood ratios to show how disease prevalence dramatically affects what your test results actually mean. Want to understand how odds, risk and hazard ratios are different? Watch this 👉    • Risk, Odds & Hazard Ratios – What’s the Di...   ---------------------------------------- CONNECT WITH ME 📲 Discord:   / discord   Twitter: https://x.com/vonHeinMirko LinkedIn:   / mirko-von-hein-b9885110b   Instagram:   / mirkovonhein   Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?... Website: https://mirkovonhein.com/ ---------------------------------------- PHARMA GLOSSARY 🔍 A free tool to decode industry terms, abbreviations, and acronyms in pharma. Explore it here: https://mirkovonhein.com/pharma-gloss... ---------------------------------------- TIMECODES ⏰ 0:00 Intro 0:29 Agenda 0:42 Scenario Overview 0:55 What is Sensitivity? 1:30 What is Specificity? 2:05 What is Test Accuracy? 2:48 What is the Positive Predictive Value (PPV)? 3:50 What is the Negative Predictive Value (NPV)? 4:24 How Prevalence Affects Test Results (Rare Disease Example) 6:02 True vs. False Positives in Rare Diseases 7:46 What is the Prosecutor’s Fallacy? 8:37 What are Likelihood Ratios? 9:47 How to Calculate LR positive (+) and LR negative (-) 11:10 How to Use Fagan’s Nomogram 13:32 Why Use Sequential / Confirmatory Testing? 15:32 Summary: How to Distinguish Sensitivity, Specificity & Predictive Values 16:28 Why 2x2 Tables for Medical Tests are Confusing 17:08 Memory Hook to Understand Clinical Testing: Smoke Alarm Analogy 17:59 What to do if You Test Positive? ---------------------------------------- SUBSCRIBE TO MY CHANNEL 🔔    / @mirkovonhein   ---------------------------------------- REFERENCES 📚 Swift, A., Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2020). What are sensitivity and specificity?. Evidence-Based Nursing, 23(1), 2-4. Available here: https://web.archive.org/web/202005011... Monaghan, T. F., Rahman, S. N., Agudelo, C. W., Wein, A. J., Lazar, J. M., Everaert, K., & Dmochowski, R. R. (2021). Foundational statistical principles in medical research: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Medicina, 57(5), 503. Available here: https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/5/503 Rand, W. M. (1971). Objective Criteria for the Evaluation of Clustering Methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66(336), 846–850. https://doi.org/10.2307/2284239. Available here: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2284239 Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2004). Diagnostic tests 4: likelihood ratios. Bmj, 329(7458), 168-169. Available here: https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/329/7... Fagan TJ. Letter: Nomogram for Bayes's theorem. N Engl J Med. 1975 Jul 31;293(5):257. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197507312930513. PMID: 1143310. Available here: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056... Thompson, W. C., & Schumann, E. L. (2017). Interpretation of statistical evidence in criminal trials: The prosecutor’s fallacy and the defense attorney’s fallacy. In Expert evidence and scientific proof in criminal trials (pp. 371-391). Routledge. Available here: https://joelvelasco.net/teaching/122/... Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases: Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics of thinking under uncertainty. science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. Available here: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0767... Van Stralen, K. J., Stel, V. S., Reitsma, J. B., Dekker, F. W., Zoccali, C., & Jager, K. J. (2009). Diagnostic methods I: sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy. Kidney international, 75(12), 1257-1263. Available here: https://www.kidney-international.org/... ---------------------------------------- HASHTAGS 🏷️ #Statistics #Medicine #Healthcare