10 Geoscience Discoveries Made by Women скачать в хорошем качестве

10 Geoscience Discoveries Made by Women

To round out Women's History Month, AGU is celebrating geoscience discoveries made by women. This video highlights discoveries made in Earth and space science over the past century made by women from all over the world. Video produced by Lauren Lipuma at AGU. Footage and visualization credits: NASA, NOAA, Visit Greenland, Evelyn Chuk, archive.org. Music : Hidden Grooves by J.Lang (c) copyright 2019 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial (3.0) license. http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/djlang5... Ft: Stefan Kartenberg & Nickolas Nikolic In 1925 British-American astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin found hydrogen is roughly one million times more abundant in stars than common Earth elements like silicon and carbon, making it the most abundant element in the universe. Danish geophysicist Inge Lehmann was studying seismic waves from earthquakes in New Zealand when she noticed some of them didn’t travel straight through Earth to the other side, but seemed to bounce off some sort of boundary in its center. In a 1936 paper, Lehmann proposed her theory that Earth has a solid inner core within its molten outer core. Hollywood starlet Hedy Lamarr was known as the “Angelina Jolie of her day,” but the Austrian-American actress was an avid inventor in her spare time, despite having no formal scientific training. During World War II, Lamarr devised a way to send radio signals between Allied ships and their torpedoes that couldn’t be jammed. The concept, known as frequency hopping, became part of spread spectrum technology that is used in many forms of wireless communication today, like Bluetooth, WiFi, and GPS. During World War II, Australian scientist Ruby Payne-Scott worked in a government lab tasked with detecting Japanese fighter planes through their radio signals. In the course of her work, she discovered certain mysterious radio bursts were actually coming from the Sun. In 1952, American oceanographer Marie Tharp used sonar data to map the Atlantic Ocean’s seafloor and discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a chain of mountains bisecting the Atlantic Ocean. In 1958, American meteorologist Joanne Simpson and her former professor proposed that hot towers, tropical storm clouds that reach into the stratosphere, are responsible for transporting heat and moisture to higher latitudes. Their work explained the mechanism behind many phenomena associated with atmospheric circulation, like the trade winds, tropical rain belts, hurricanes and jet streams. Kathy Crane was one of the first female American oceanographers and one of the few people in the 1970s who suspected hot springs must exist on the seafloor. Crane’s hunch was proved right in 1976, when she and her colleagues discovered hydrothermal vents near the Galápagos Islands. In 1977, American astrophysicist Joan Feynman showed the auroras are a result of the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the magnetic field of the solar wind. Feynman’s later work on space weather and geomagnetic storms led to important developments in spacecraft design. Mario Molina proposed in 1973 that chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, could destroy Earth’s protective ozone layer. No one gave his idea much thought until 1983, when scientists discovered a giant ozone hole over Antarctica. American atmospheric chemist Susan Solomon proposed a mechanism for how CFCs could destroy ozone and led an expedition to Antarctica in 1986 to study the ozone hole as it formed. Solomon and her team found the smoking gun that proved Molina right and validated her theory: high levels of chlorine monoxide being released by the breakdown of CFCs in the atmosphere. Hisako Koyama was a Japanese amateur astronomer who drew more than 10,000 solar sketches in her lifetime, until her death in 1997. Koyama’s records served as one of the official “backbones” of a recent project to reconstruct sunspot numbers over the past 400 years, bridging a key gap between records from the early 20th century and those taken during the space age. Koyama’s work places her among the giants of solar observers, alongside names like Galileo Galilei and Pierre Gassendi.