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The book is available on Amazon: https://tinyurl.com/ydw9pwsr Drugs used as Local anaesthetics: Short-acting & Low potency: Procaine: It is an ester anaesthetic agent used for the production of local anaesthesia, particularly for oral surgery. Intermediate-acting & Intermediate potency: Lidocaine: It is the most widely used agent. It acts more rapidly and is more stable than most other local anaesthetics. Its action lasts about 90 mins when given epinephrine. Prilocaine: It is most likely to produce vasoconstriction at clinical doses. It has a similar action to lidocaine but is extensively metabolized and less toxic in equipotent dose. Mepivacaine: It is an amide local anaesthetic and chemically related to bupivacaine. Cocaine: • It is an alkaloidal ester extracted from the coca leaves. It produces anaesthesia by inhibiting the excitation of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in peripheral nerves. Benzocaine: It is a neutral, water-insoluble, local anaesthetic of low potency. Its only use is in surface anaesthesia for non-inflamed tissue such as the mouth and pharynx. Long-acting & high potency: a. Tetracaine: It is an ester-type anaesthetic and produces local anaesthesia by blocking the sodium ion channels involved in the initiation and conduction of neuronal impulses. b. Bupivacaine: It is potent and has a long duration of action (up to 8 hrs). It produces more sensory than a motor blockade, hence very popular for obstetric analgesia. c. Cinchocaine: It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anaesthetics.