Spasmodic Dysphonia, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, DIagnosis and Treatment. скачать в хорошем качестве

Spasmodic Dysphonia, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, DIagnosis and Treatment.

. Chapters 0:00 Introduction 1:09 Types of Spasmodic Dysphonia 2:18 Causes of Spasmodic Dysphonia 2:54 Symptoms of Spasmodic Dysphonia 3:22 Diagnosis of Spasmodic Dysphonia 4:17 Treatment of Spasmodic Dysphonia Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm.[1][2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand.[1] The person's voice may also sound strained or they may be nearly unable to speak.[2] Onset is often gradual and the condition is lifelong.[1] The cause is unknown.[1] Risk factors may include family history.[1] Triggers may include an upper respiratory infection, injury to the larynx, overuse of the voice, and psychological stress.[1] The underlying mechanism is believed to typically involve the central nervous system, specifically the basal ganglia.[1] Diagnosis is typically made following examination by a team of healthcare providers.[1] It is a type of focal dystonia.[3] While there is no cure, treatment may improve symptoms.[1] Most commonly this involves injecting botulinum toxin into the affected muscles of the larynx.[1] This generally results in improvement for a few months.[1] Other measures include voice therapy, counselling, and amplification devices.[1] If this is not effective, surgery may be considered; however, evidence to support surgery is limited.[1] The disorder affects an estimated 2 per 100,000 people.[1] Women are more commonly affected.[1] Onset is typically between the ages of 30 and 50.[1] Severity is variable between people.[2] In some, work and social life are affected.[2] Life expectancy is, however, normal.[4]