COMPLETE HALO ALKANE & HALOARENE - ALL REAGENTS REVISION | NEET | JEE скачать в хорошем качестве

COMPLETE HALO ALKANE & HALOARENE - ALL REAGENTS REVISION | NEET | JEE

Haloalkanes and haloarenes are halogen derivatives of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively, where hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens. They are essential in chemical synthesis, acting as intermediates for creating alcohols, ethers, and amines. Reagents for Preparing Haloalkanes From Alcohols: Concentrated Halogen Acids: Used with zinc chloride to convert alcohols to alkyl chlorides. Thionyl Chloride: Preferred for producing pure alkyl chlorides because byproducts are gases. Phosphorus Halides: Phosphorus pentachloride or phosphorus tribromide are used for halogenation. Red Phosphorus/Halogen: Used to create alkyl bromides and iodides in situ. From Hydrocarbons: Halogens and Sunlight: Free radical halogenation of alkanes with chlorine or bromine. Hydrogen Halides: Addition to alkenes following Markovnikov's rule. Halogen Exchange: Sodium Iodide in Acetone: Finkelstein reaction for iodides. Metallic Fluorides: Silver fluoride or Mercury fluoride for Swarts reaction to make alkyl fluorides. Reagents for Preparing Haloarenes Direct Halogenation: Chlorine or bromine in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts such as Iron or Iron III chloride. Sandmeyer Reaction: Aniline treated with Sodium Nitrite and a mineral acid to form a diazonium salt, followed by Copper Chloride or Copper Bromide. Gattermann Reaction: Diazonium salt treated with Copper powder and Hydrogen Chloride or Hydrogen Bromide. Reagents for Chemical Reactions Substitution: Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide or Sodium Hydroxide converts haloalkanes to alcohols. Elimination: Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide is used to form alkenes from haloalkanes. Grignard Reagent Formation: Magnesium metal in dry ether. Wurtz Reaction: Sodium metal in dry ether. Key Concepts Haloalkanes: Contain halogen bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon. Haloarenes: Contain halogen bonded to an sp2 hybridized carbon (aromatic ring). Reactivity: Haloalkanes are highly reactive to substitution, while haloarenes are less reactive, favoring electrophilic substitution. #organicchemistry #chemistrychallenge #organicbooster #reagents #reagent #reagentrevision #neetmumbra ##grignardreagent #swartzreaction #finkelstein #halogenation #nitration #mumbra #conceptneetdigital #bestrevision #bestproblems #neetmcq #jeemains2026 #bestcontent #organicchemistrynotes