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ਕਣਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਗੁੱਲੀ ਡੰਡੇ ਨੂੰ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਦਵਾਈਆਂ ਹਰ ਜਮੀਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੱਖ ਵੱਖ ਰਿਜਲਟ ਕਿਉਂ ਦਿੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ

#wheat #crop #herbicide #punjab #pau ਕਣਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਗੁੱਲੀ ਡੰਡੇ ਨੂੰ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਦਵਾਈਆਂ ਹਰ ਜਮੀਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੱਖ ਵੱਖ ਰਿਜਲਟ ਕਿਉਂ ਦਿੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ #awkira #Atlantis #topik #leader #ambriva #sancor #motenomore Phalaris minor (littleseed canarygrass) has become highly resistant primarily due to continuous and exclusive reliance on a single mode of herbicide action over several decades. This created an intense selection pressure that favored the survival and reproduction of rare, naturally resistant biotypes, which eventually dominated the population. The specific reasons for its high resistance levels include: 1. Mechanisms of Resistance Target Site Resistance (TSR): Mutations in the genes encoding target enzymes (like ACCase, ALS, or the psbA gene for PSII inhibitors) change the enzyme's structure so that herbicides can no longer bind to them. Non-Target Site Resistance (NTSR): This is often metabolic resistance, where the weed develops an enhanced ability to detoxify herbicides using enzymes like Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Metabolic resistance is particularly dangerous because it can provide cross-resistance to herbicides the weed has never even encountered. 2. Management & Farming Practices Monocropping: The continuous rice-wheat cropping system provides an ideal, stable environment for the weed to complete its life cycle year after year. Poor Application Techniques: Using incorrect doses (often under-dosing), inappropriate nozzles, or insufficient water volume leads to sub-lethal exposures, which accelerates the selection for metabolic resistance. Straw Burning: Burning rice residue creates ash that adsorbs herbicides, significantly reducing their efficacy and leaving survivors to reproduce. 3. Biological Advantages Morphological Mimicry: In its early stages, P. minor looks almost identical to wheat, allowing it to escape manual weeding. High Seed Production: A single plant can produce thousands of seeds, quickly building a massive, resistant seed bank in the soil. Fitness Benefits: Some resistant biotypes show no "fitness cost" and may even grow faster or tolerate environmental stress better than susceptible ones. 4. Evolutionary Timeline 1990s: First evolved resistance to Isoproturon (Group 5/C) after 10-15 years of use. 2000s-Present: Rapidly developed multiple herbicide resistance (MHR) to newer groups, including ACCase inhibitors (e.g., clodinafop) and ALS inhibitors (e.g., sulfosulfuron), often within just 3-7 years of introduction.