Metal & Non Metal! Chemistry! Class 10th ! Part 2 ! Exam focused! скачать в хорошем качестве

Metal & Non Metal! Chemistry! Class 10th ! Part 2 ! Exam focused!

Types of Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bond Formed by transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal Results in formation of ions Strong electrostatic force of attraction Example: Na⁺ and Cl⁻ → NaCl 2. Covalent Bond Formed by sharing of electrons between non-metals Molecules are electrically neutral Example: H₂O, CO₂, O₂ 3. Metallic Bond Found in metals Positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of free electrons Responsible for conductivity and malleability Extraction of Sodium Sodium is extracted by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (NaCl) using the Downs Process. Steps: NaCl is melted Electric current is passed Sodium metal is collected at the cathode Chlorine gas is released at the anode Reason: Sodium is highly reactive, so it cannot be extracted by chemical reduction. Extraction of Aluminium Aluminium is extracted from bauxite ore by the Hall–Héroult process. Steps Involved: Purification of bauxite (Bayer’s process) Electrolysis of alumina (Al₂O₃) dissolved in molten cryolite Aluminium is collected at the cathode Reason for Electrolysis: Aluminium is more reactive than carbon, so electrolytic reduction is required. Quick Revision Points Metals → lose electrons Non-metals → gain/share electrons Ionic bond → transfer of electrons Covalent bond → sharing of electrons Sodium & Aluminium → extracted by electrolysis