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1.7 Step 3. Features of the tympanic cavity, the petrous ridge, and the course of the facial nerve скачать в хорошем качестве

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1.7 Step 3. Features of the tympanic cavity, the petrous ridge, and the course of the facial nerve
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1.7 Step 3. Features of the tympanic cavity, the petrous ridge, and the course of the facial nerve

These videos have been excerpted from Netter’s Video Dissection Modules on Student Consult.  http://bit.ly/2oEt9CO Step 3 This is a preparation of an isolated adult temporal bone. To orient you: this is anterior, this is posterior, this is superior and this is inferior. This is the zygomatic process and this is the external acoustic meatus. This preparation can be opened so that the medial wall of the middle ear can be seen. Identify the oval window, into which fits the footplate of the stapes, and the round window. Anteriorly, two longitudinal channels can be identified, separated by a bony septum. The upper channel houses the tensor tympani muscle, and the lower channel is part of the auditory tube, which leads to the nasopharynx. Intracranially, on the anterior slope of the petrous ridge, there is a slight groove, indicating the position of the greater petrosal nerve. When the bone lateral to this groove is removed, the semicanals for the tensor tympani muscle and the auditory tube will be exposed. If the removal of the bone is extended posteriorly from this area, the epitympanic recess with the head of the malleus and body of the incus will be exposed. Key Terms • Zygomatic process of the temporal bone: the part of the temporal bone that joins the zygomatic arch of the maxilla and the zygomatic bone to complete the zygomatic arch N6. • External acoustic meatus: the opening of the external ear that leads to the tympanic membrane N92. It has an outer cartilaginous portion and an inner bony part. It is lined with skin, and the outer third of the cartilaginous part has sebaceous glands and modified sweat glands; their combined secretions produce wax (cerumen). The wax plays a role in keeping the canal clean, and it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. • Oval window: the oval opening on the medial wall of the middle ear cavity which opens into the perilymphatic fluid-filed vestibule of the inner ear. It is also called the fenestra vestibuli (window of the vestibule). The footplate of the stapes is attached to its rim by an annular ligament N92 N94. • Stapedial foot plate or base: the part of the stapes that fits into the oval window N92 N96 N95. It is held in place by an annular ligament. • Round window: an opening in the posterior wall of the cochlear promontory. It faces posteriorly and leads to the scala tympani, but the window is closed by the membrane of the round window N92 N94. The membrane separates the perilymphatic fluid of the scala tympani from the air of the middle ear cavity. The membrane moves outward when the stapedial footplate pushes inward and inward when the footplate moves outward. Without this window and membrane serving as a release window, very little sound induced energy could be transmitted to the cochlea. The window is a portal through which drugs or a cochlear implant can be placed in the inner ear. • Manubrium: the “handle” of the malleus (hammer). This part extends inferiorly from the lateral process to the tip N93, which lies at the deepest part of the concavity of the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane, the umbo N93. The manubrium provides an insertion area for the connective tissue matrix of the pars tensa. It is embedded in the tympanic membrane, between a thin later of squamous epithelium and the mucous membrane. Near its proximal end, on its internal surface, is the muscular process for the tensor tympani muscle N94. ABOUT: The project was made possible by several very dedicated faculty and staff at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill--especially O.W. Henson and Noelle A. Granger--and partner schools, and by a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education of the US Department of Education. This channel includes over 400 short videos highlighting the steps in a full-body human dissection in the gross anatomy lab. Each step is narrated and key structures labeled.

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