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Partition of India (1947)

India wars -    • India   Website: https://20thcenturywars.com More Information: Wars of the 20th Century Series on Amazon Volume 1 - https://www.amazon.com/dp/1499738722 Volume 2 - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00M9LDW5S Volume 3 - https://www.amazon.com/dp/1500916927 Volume 4 - https://www.amazon.com/dp/1515034607 Partition of India - Timeline PARTITION OF INDIA – TIMELINE 1600s - British presence in India begins when the East India Company, a private entity, engages in trading cotton, silk, and other commodities in southern India. Over the next several decades, the Company expands its trade and influence into other regions (as well as in other areas in Asia) Second half of the 1700s – the East India Company controls vast areas of the Indian subcontinent Indian Rebellion of 1857-1859 - Britain ends operations of the East India Company in India, and governance comes directly under the British government, which calls the territory “British India” 1880s - Indian political parties organize and call for greater political autonomy within the British Raj (the colonial administration) 1920s to 1930s - Indian nationalists demand Home Rule, major political reforms, and Dominion status within the Empire (like those in Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland) 1930s - Indian Muslims begin calling for the formation of a separate Muslim nation-state, to be named Pakistan, and comprising regions with a majority Muslim population 1940s World War II - Indian nationalists initially declare full support for the British war effort on the condition that Britain must work towards granting India’s independence August 1942 - The Quit India Movement (led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru) call for the end of colonial rule 1940 - Indian Muslims advocate the “Two-Nation Principle”, that is, since Hindus and Muslims belonged to different religions, they also differed in nationality, even if they shared a common ethnicity, culture, and language. Hindus are opposed to partitioning India. 1945 after World War II in 1945 - Britain adopts the policy of decolonization May 1946 – Britain sends the “Cabinet Mission” to finalize the process of granting India’s independence, which fails to bring Muslims and Hindus to agree to a power-sharing government under one country August 16, 1946 – Violence breaks out in Calcutta Late 1946 to early 1947 - Violence spreads to Tripura, Punjab, and North West Frontier Province (NWFP). As a result of the violence, all hopes for an undivided India are lost February 1947 - Louis Mountbatten is appointed Governor-General of British India with the task of quickly granting India its independence. Mountbatten believes that partition is the only solution for India and negotiations for partition soon begin June 3, 1947 - Hindu and Muslim leaders reach an agreement for partition; Mountbatten announces that British India would end on August 15, 1947, at which time all government functions would have been fully turned over to the new countries of India and Pakistan July 1947 - Mountbatten meets with the leaders of the Princely States and offers them two options: to be incorporated politically and geographically into either India or Pakistan, or to revert to their pre-colonial status as independent political entities; Mountbatten cautions the Princely States against taking the second option because of the risk of being overwhelmed by their two new giant neighbors, India and Pakistan July 1947 - The British government’s “Boundary Commission” works out the borders of India and Pakistan August 9, 1947 - The border between India and Pakistan is completed but is not released as the British government fears it would incite more violence August 14, 1947 - Muslims declare independence as the Dominion of Pakistan (in 1956, Islamic Republic of Pakistan) August 15, 1947 - Indians declare their independence as the Dominion of India (in 1950, Republic of India) August 16, 1947 - Mountbatten releases the maps of India and Pakistan; some 10 to 12 million people head across the border ***(Hyderabad and Junagadh, both with a Muslim ruler and a majority Hindu population, are forcefully annexed into India in 1948) ***(At partition, Kashmir declared its independence but found itself geographically straddled between India and Pakistan. Kashmir’s Hindu monarch, who ruled over a predominantly Muslim population, chose to remain politically neutral. But both India and Pakistan wanted to annex Kashmir, and thus exerted pressure on the Kashmiri monarch. In October 1947, a revolt broke out in Kashmir, triggering the Indian-Pakistani War of 1947)