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Profit and Loss

Let’s talk about profit, let’s talk about loss, and let’s talk about the profit and loss statement! Profit in green, because making a profit is good. Loss in red, because making a loss is not so good. The main idea of profit and loss is to compare a company’s revenue to its expenses. Simply put, revenue is the number of units sold times the selling price per unit, across all the product lines that a company may have. Expenses are the number of units sold times the cost per unit, plus operating expenses, plus interest and taxes. When looking at profit and loss, it’s always about a period of time: a month, a quarter, or a year. You record a profit if revenue exceeds expenses for the period. You record a loss if expenses exceed revenue. ⏱️TIMESTAMPS⏱️ 00:00 Profit and loss explained 01:01 Profit example: Apple 02:32 Profit and loss statement 03:27 Gross margin calculation 04:07 Operating income calculation 04:45 Net income calculation 05:16 Example of loss-making company: Snap Inc 06:52 Profit and loss summary One of the most profitable companies in the world is Apple. For the fiscal year ended September 24, 2022, Apple recorded a profit of $100 billion. One… Hundred… Billion… Dollars. That’s a one with eleven zeros. Revenue of $394 billion far exceeded expenses of $294 billion. What’s in this revenue number? $316B sales of products (such as iPhone, MacBook, iPad, Apple Watch, AirPods) and $78B in services. What’s in expenses? $224B cost of products and services sold, things like the components going into the products, and the cost of labor and machines assembling the products. $26B in research and development expenses, to develop new technologies to enhance existing products and services, and to expand the range of the company’s offerings. $25B in selling, general and administrative expenses, which includes the cost related to general management, sales, marketing, customer service, human resources, finance, legal, sourcing and IT. Another big expense component is $19B in corporate income tax expense. Let’s take a look at Apple’s profit and loss statement, or P&L, which is the way these numbers are officially presented to the outside world. All the way at the bottom is the net income line: $99.8B to be precise. All the way at the top of the P&L is the revenue, summarized at an aggregated level. If we explore a section of the 10-K annual report called the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, we can find more revenue detail by category. Sales of iPhones alone brings in more than half of the $394B in revenue! The expense section is over here. Various types of expenses have their own section in the profit and loss statement, in a logical sequence, and several subtotals of profitability are provided. The first subtotal is gross margin, which you calculate by taking $394B of revenue minus $223B of cost of sales. What you sold your products and services for, minus what it cost you to produce the products and perform the services. For Apple, gross margin in absolute terms is $171B, and in relative terms (compared to revenue) 43%. You get to that percentage by taking the $171B in gross margin and dividing it by $394B in revenue. A second subtotal in the #profitandloss statement is operating income: $171B gross margin minus $51B operating expenses (which is the sum of the research and development, and the selling, general and administrative expenses). For Apple, operating income in absolute terms is $119B, and in relative terms (compared to revenue) 30%. You get to that percentage by taking the $119B in operating income and dividing it by $394B in revenue. The bottom line of the P&L aka the #incomestatement is net income: revenue minus all expenses. $99.8B, or 25% of revenue. Every profit and loss statement tells a story! Most P&Ls have a “fun fact” that is worth noting. For me, the fact that Apple spends $26B a year on R&D, which translates to only 7% of revenue, is mind-boggling. Profit and loss: comparing a company’s revenue to its expenses, and then diving deeper to understand what is in revenue, and what is in expenses, and analyzing the company’s profit and loss ratios to see how they’re performing. Philip de Vroe (The Finance Storyteller) aims to make accounting, finance and investing enjoyable and easier to understand. Learn the business and accounting vocabulary to join the conversation with your CEO at your company. Understand how financial statements work in order to make better investing decisions. Philip delivers #financetraining in various formats: YouTube videos, livestreams, classroom sessions, and webinars. Connect with me through Linked In! Want to get access to bonus content, and/or express your gratitude by buying me a cup of tea? Join my channel as a member through    / @thefinancestoryteller