💯 √ The Ethylene and Petrochemicals Explained with Fair Examples скачать в хорошем качестве

💯 √ The Ethylene and Petrochemicals Explained with Fair Examples

📢 Receive Comprehensive Mathematics Practice Papers Weekly for FREE 😊 Click this link to get: ▶️▶️▶️ https://iitutor.com/email-list/ ◀️◀️◀️ Alkanes, which are the major constituents of natural gas, petroleum and coal, are much more abundant in nature than alkenes. However, the lack of reactivity of alkanes limits their use as starting materials for the synthesis of other types of organic substances. Alkenes, on the other hand, are much more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the C=C double bond. The reactivity of alkenes means they are much more useful as building blocks for the petrochemical industry. Ethene in particular is an extremely versatile starting material for the production of many different organic compounds. Ethene, the first member of the alkene series, undergoes reactions typical of this group. As with all alkenes, the chemistry of ethene is determined largely by its reactive double bond. The characteristic reaction of alkenes is the addition reaction. In addition reactions, two new atoms or groups of atoms are ‘added’ across the double bond, one to each carbon atom linked by the double bond. Ethene may undergo a large number of additional reactions to produce many useful products. Some of the more important reactions are outlined below. Ethene is converted to ethane by heating it with hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst such as nickel, platinum or palladium. The addition of halogens such as chlorine or bromine reacts with ethene, the double bond opens out and an addition reaction takes place. These halogenation reactions are useful tests for distinguishing between saturated hydrocarbons such as alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons including alkenes. When a non-aqueous solution of bromine is added to a saturated hydrocarbon, no reaction takes place and the solution retains its red-brown colour. An aqueous solution of bromine, known as bromine water, can also be used to dis¬tinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride also react with alkenes. One of the most important industrial uses of ethene is ethanol production. Ethanol is prepared industrially from ethene by the addition of water in the presence of sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid catalyst. Polyethylene Plastic film, crates, pipes uses, Ethylene dichloride uses raw material used to make the vinyl chloride monomer for PVC production, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) uses plastic pipes, guttering, soft furnishings, Ethanol uses a solvent, fuel, drinks, Ethylene glycol uses antifreeze, Polystyrene uses plastic packaging, insulation, 1,2-dibromoethane uses petrol additive and Chloroethane uses a solvent, refrigerant.