TB Osteomyelitis & Bone tumors скачать в хорошем качестве

TB Osteomyelitis & Bone tumors

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While TB primarily affects the lungs, it can also spread to other parts of the body, including the bones and joints, resulting in what is known as skeletal or osteoarticular TB. This form of TB constitutes approximately 10-15% of extrapulmonary TB cases. Pathophysiology TB of the bone usually arises from hematogenous (blood-borne) spread from a primary infection, typically in the lungs. It most often affects the spine (referred to as Pott’s disease), but it can also involve long bones, joints, and other skeletal sites. Once the bacteria reach the bone, they cause a localized inflammatory response, leading to progressive bone destruction and caseous necrosis. Clinical Features Patients with skeletal TB often present with: Localized pain and swelling. Restricted movement in the affected joints. Cold abscess formation without redness or warmth (a characteristic feature of TB compared to other infections). Constitutional symptoms such as low-grade fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on a combination of: Clinical evaluation. Imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans, which show characteristic lytic lesions, vertebral collapse, or paravertebral abscess. Microbiological studies, including culture or PCR for M. tuberculosis. Histopathological examination showing granulomas with caseous necrosis. Bone-forming tumors are a subset of primary bone tumors characterized by the production of osteoid or immature bone. These tumors can be benign or malignant, with varying clinical presentations, prognosis, and treatment strategies. Classification Bone-forming tumors are classified into two main categories: Benign Bone-Forming Tumors Osteoid Osteoma: A small, benign, and painful lesion commonly found in long bones like the femur and tibia. Osteoblastoma: Larger than osteoid osteomas, usually occurring in the spine and long bones; less common and often asymptomatic until they cause bone expansion. Malignant Bone-Forming Tumors Osteosarcoma: The most common primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults. It commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones like the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. Pathophysiology The hallmark of bone-forming tumors is the presence of osteoid, a matrix produced by tumor cells. In benign tumors, the growth is usually self-limited, while malignant tumors show aggressive growth with potential for metastasis, particularly to the lungs. ‪@DrQuratulAinJavaid‬ #bonetumors #boneformingtumors #benignboneformingtumors #osteoidosteoma #osteosarcoma #radiologybonetumors #tuberculousosteomyelitis #pottdisease #codmantriangle #nidusformation #robbinsbasicpathology #systemicpathology #bonesandjoints