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Periodontal Disease

Nearly 75% of adults have some degree of periodontal disease. Aside from the traditionally discussed dental complications of gum recession, tooth root decay, tooth loss, bite collapse and bad breath, there are now well documented medical complications of periodontal disease, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease. Periodontal disease begins where teeth emerge through the gums. Healthy gums are pink and resilient, with pockets of 3 millimeters or less, and have intact attachment fibers. When food debris, bacteria, and saliva proteins accumulate, harmful plaque and biofilm are formed, leading to mineralized deposits known as "calculus." In response to this, the body sends immune cells, causing red, enlarged and tender gums – a reversible condition called "gingivitis." Continuous exposure to plaque bacteria and acids results in periodontal attachment loss – an irreversible condition known as "periodontitis." This deepens gum pockets and leads to bone destruction, making plaque removal ineffective. Smoking can impair blood flow, hindering the body's ability to fight the infection. Generalized periodontitis affects all teeth, which may loosen and appear elongated, leading to potential tooth loss. When multiple back teeth are lost, front teeth struggle to support jaw muscle forces, causing them to tip and move, leading to a collapse of the cheeks and potential jaw joint issues. Moreover, periodontal bacteria can enter the bloodstream through leaky vessels, leading to blood clots and inflamed vessels, increasing the risk of strokes, heart disease, heart attacks, and poor circulation in the extremities.