Pharmacotheraphetics Chapter 2 Cardiovascular system || Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hypertension скачать в хорошем качестве

Pharmacotheraphetics Chapter 2 Cardiovascular system || Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hypertension

SR Pharmacy App Link : https://vbclnx.on-app.in/app/home?org... Join My Telegram Channel https://t.me/S_R_Pharmacy_Official Follow me on instagram   / s_r_pharmacy   My Facebook Page   / 1zfn3qvkav   Whatsapp Channel Join Now https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaEh... Dr Najeeb lecture    • Coronary Artery Disease | Ischemic Heart D...   #Pharmacotherapeutics_Chapter_2 part 1 #Cardiovascular_System_Disorder #Types_of_hypertension_on_the_basis_of_causes 1) #Primary _or_essential_Hypertension : this is the most common type of hypertension , (about 90-95 % ). The exact cause of high blood pressure is not identified . there are many factors , any of them can be reason for hypertension : 2) #Secondary_Hypertension : this is less common type of hypertension ( about 5-10% ) . this type of hypertension occurs due to other diseases like tumour , kidney disease , endocrine and cardiac disorder . #Etiology_Of_primary_Hypertension the exact reason of this type of hypertension is not clearly identified ,any of the following factors may be consider a cause : 1) Hyperactivity of sympathetic nerve stimulation ( because it increases heart rate , and constrict some blood vessels ) 2) Vasoconstriction due to release of vasoactive substances from endothelial cells .e.g. nitric acid , endothelin etc. 3) increase in cardiac output . 4) Too much sodium ( salt ) in diet . 5) family history of Hypertension . Etiology of Secondary Hypertension this type of hypertension occurs due to other diseases like : 1) Genetic problems 2) Kidney diseases a) Polynephritis ( infection of kidney ) b) obstruction in renal artery . c) cushing's syndrome ( a condition in which increase the secretion of cortisol , it is a hormone that manage stress by increasing blood sugar level ) . d) tumour in kidney gland . 3) Hyperthyrodism ( over production of thyroid gland hormone it increases heart rate ) . 4) Hypothyrodism ( it increases cholesterol level ) . 5) Sleep apnea ( sudden fall in sleep , change in heart rate ) 6) NSAIDs , estrogen , sympatomimetics , steroids , etc. Pathogenesis The blood pressure is regulated by following theories : 1) Sympathetic nervous system activities . 2) Activity of Vascular endothelium 3) Activity of renal system (Fluid Volume Regulation ) 1) Sympathetic nervous system activities . 2) Activity of Vascular endothelium #Endothelium_dysfunction increase vasoactive substances ( nitric acid ) secretion which causes vasoconstriction and then hypertension . or decrease vasodilator nitric oxide it also case BP . 3) #Activity_of_renal_system . the kidney release renin which help Anginotensinogen to convert into angenotensin and then it convert into anginotensin Ⅰ and then anginotensin Ⅱ and constrict blood vessels . anginotensin Ⅱ also help to make aldosterone which increases blood volume by retaining sodium and water that increase blood preassure. Management of Hypertension #Non_Pharmacological_Management_of_hypertension 1) Dietary Changes : A prehypertension ( elevated ) can be control with healthy diet , taking a diet low in sodium and high in potassium . It is called DASH ( Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ) 2) Exercise : Physical activity is can lower blower BP by decreasing bad cholesterol , obesity and overweight . 3) Stress Management : Eliminating Stress is also an important way to manage BP , because in stress condition in which adrenal gland produces Cortisol hormone , and it increases blood sugar level to manage stress , that causes Hypertension . Stress Can be manage by Exercise and meditation . 4) Stopping Smoking : Smoking Increases Sympathetic nerve activity , which increases heart rate and causes High BP . 5) Stopping Alcohol : Drinking a lot of alcohol constrict blood vessels and increases blood pressure . #Pharmacological_Management_Of_Hypertension 1) Diuretics : chlorothiazide , Furesimide , Spironolactone . 2) α Blocker : Prazosin , Phenoxibenzamine 3) ß Blocker: Atenolol , Propranolol . 4) α +ß Blocker : labetlol , carvedilol . 5) calcium channel Blocker: Amlodipine , Nifedipine , Verapamil . 6) Angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) Inhibitors : Captopril , Ramipril . 7) Angiotensin Ⅱ Receptor Blocker : Losartan , valsartan . 8) Vasodilators : Hydralazine , minoxidil . #srpharmacy ‪@srpharmacy‬