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Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid tumours 2 года назад

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Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid tumours
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Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid tumours

Carcinoid tumors are rare cancers that develop in the neuroendocrine system, which produces hormones. These tumors typically grow slowly and are commonly found in the bowels or appendix but can also occur in other organs such as the stomach, pancreas, lung, breast, kidney, ovaries, or testicles. Carcinoid syndrome refers to the symptoms that some individuals experience when a carcinoid tumor, particularly one that has spread to the liver, releases hormones like serotonin into the bloodstream. During the early stages of a carcinoid tumor, there may be no symptoms, especially if the tumor is limited to the digestive system where the liver can break down the hormones it produces. When symptoms do occur, they can be nonspecific and mistaken for signs of other illnesses. These symptoms can arise from both the tumor itself and the hormones released into the bloodstream. The specific symptoms depend on the location of the tumor. For instance, a bowel carcinoid tumor may cause abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, and rectal bleeding, while a lung carcinoid tumor can lead to coughing, wheezing, chest pain, and fatigue. Stomach carcinoid tumors may cause pain, weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. In some cases, tumors may not produce noticeable symptoms and are incidentally discovered during unrelated medical procedures. Carcinoid syndrome, characterized by symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, flushing of the skin (especially the face), rapid heart rate, breathlessness, and wheezing, can occur due to the release of hormones by the tumor at any time. Carcinoid heart disease, where the heart valves thicken and function improperly, is also possible, as is a rare but severe reaction known as a carcinoid crisis, involving severe flushing, breathlessness, and a drop in blood pressure. The exact cause of carcinoid tumors is not fully understood, but they are often considered to occur by chance. However, certain factors can increase the risk, such as having a rare family syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a family history of carcinoid tumors, or a family history of other cancers like squamous cell skin cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or cancers of the brain, breast, liver, womb, bladder, or kidney. Conditions like neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis may also raise the risk. Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors often occurs when they are incidentally discovered during unrelated surgeries. Otherwise, individuals typically consult their general practitioner after experiencing symptoms. Diagnosis involves a series of scans and tests, including measuring serotonin levels in urine and performing an endoscopy. The treatment approach for carcinoid tumors depends on factors such as the tumor's stage and location. Early detection allows for complete removal and potential cure. In other cases, surgery aims to remove as much of the tumor as possible. If removal is not feasible, treatment options include somatostatin analog injections to slow tumor growth, radiotherapy to target cancer cells, hepatic artery embolization to block blood supply to liver tumors, radiofrequency ablation to destroy liver tumors with heat, and chemotherapy to shrink tumors and manage symptoms. Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome can be alleviated with octreotide and lanreotide injections, as well as medications to relieve wheezing, breathlessness, and diarrhea. Self-management strategies for carcinoid syndrome involve avoiding triggers like alcohol, large meals, spicy foods, and foods containing tyramine. Stress should also be minimized. It is essential to stay hydrated if experiencing diarrhea. The prognosis for carcinoid tumors can vary. Complete removal of the tumor can lead to a cure, while controlled growth and symptom management are possible with medication. Individuals with carcinoid tumors generally have a good life expectancy compared to many other cancers, and they can maintain active lives with occasional symptoms. However, as tumors grow or spread, symptoms may become harder to control, potentially requiring additional treatments or surgeries. When cancer spreads to other parts of the body, life expectancy decreases, but symptom control and disease progression can still be managed through treatment. #carcinoid #neuroendocrine #cancer #tumor #bowels #appendix #stomach #pancreas #lung #breast #kidney #ovaries #testicles #carcinoidsyndrome #hormones #serotonin #symptoms #diagnosis #tummypain #blockedbowel #diarrhea #constipation #nausea #rectalbleeding #cough #wheezing #chestpain #tiredness #weightloss #weakness #discoveredbychance #familysyndrome #multipleendocrineneoplasiatype1 #MEN1 #familyhistory #neurofibromatosis #tuberoussclerosis #endoscopy #treatment #surgery #debulking #somatostatinanalogues #octreotide #lanreotide #radiotherapy #hepaticarteryembolisation #radiofrequencyablation #chemotherapy #carcinoidsyndromesymptoms #flushing #breathlessness #carcinoidcrisis

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