Neuropharmacology: Glutamate Release & Clearance (Nestler, Hyman, Malenka, 2009, Ch 5) скачать в хорошем качестве

Neuropharmacology: Glutamate Release & Clearance (Nestler, Hyman, Malenka, 2009, Ch 5)

I. Excitatory And Inhibitory Amino Acids Amino acids function as vital signaling molecules in the brain. Glutamate mediates most fast excitatory synaptic transmission. GABA mediates most fast inhibitory synaptic transmission. These circuits impact epilepsy, anxiety, and addiction. They are necessary for normal synaptic development. II. Synthesis And Release Pathways Glutamate cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. It is synthesized in the brain from glucose and precursors. Nerve impulses trigger calcium-dependent release. Glial cells take up released glutamate for recycling. Glia convert glutamate into glutamine via enzymes. Glutamine travels back to neurons to replenish supplies. III. Glutamate Transporters And Safety Reuptake controls extracellular amino acid levels. Transporters like GLT-1 are found on glial cells. These pumps prevent excessive receptor stimulation. Accumulation of glutamate can lead to cell death. This toxicity is linked to ischemic brain damage. IV. Receptor Families Overview Glutamate receptors fall into two major families. Ionotropic receptors contain gated ion channels. These include AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA receptors. Metabotropic receptors are G protein-coupled. They regulate channels and second messenger cascades. V. Ionotropic Receptor Function AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory transmission. NMDA receptors are highly permeable to calcium ions. NMDA receptors act as synaptic coincidence detectors. Magnesium blocks NMDA channels at resting potentials. Strong depolarization removes the magnesium block. NMDA activation triggers plasticity mechanisms like LTP. VI. Additional Resource Support See NourishED RFI's NotebookLM Resource Support Page. https://notebooklm.google.com/noteboo... VII. Source Nestler, E. J., Hyman, S. E., & Malenka, R. C. (2009). Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. #neuroscience #glutamate #neuropharmacology #physiology #medicaleducation #AMPA #NMDA #glialcells #GLT-1