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Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) in Melinjo Family (Gnetaceae)

▪︎ (Gnetum gnemon) Melinjo, Gnetum, Joint Fir, Two Leaf, Belinjo, Bago, Tulip, Paddy Oats, Gnemon Tree, Joint-fir Spinach • Assamese: Ganemoe, Genemo • Mizo: Pelh in Melinjo Family (Gnetaceae) native area spans from Mizoram & Assam in India down south through Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago & Philippines in southeast Asia to western Pacific islands. Melinjo is a small or medium-size tree, unlike most other Gnetum species which are climbers growing up to 15-20 m tall. Leaves are evergreen, opposite, 8-20 cm long & 3-10 cm broad, entire, bronze when young, glossy dark green otherwise. Male inflorescences arise in leaf-axils, solitary, simple or once branched; Male spikes 3-6 cm x 2.5-3 mm, involucral collars clearly separated, to 1 cm apart, each collar with 50-80 flowers plus 5-15 spherical sterile Female flowers, basal hairs not prominent. Female inflorescences are similar to Male; nodes each with 5-8 Female flowers. Fruit-like Female cone consist of little but skin & a large nut-like seed 2-4 cm long inside. Male cones are small, arranged in long stalks & are often mistaken for flowers. Fleshy Strobili weigh about 5.5 g, seed alone 3.8 g. Red ripe cones are eaten by birds, mammals & reptiles. Parts of plants are used as vegetable. Nuts are eaten boiled, roasted or raw in most parts of Southeast Asia & Melanesia. Young leaves, flowers & outer flesh of fruits are also edible when cooked & are eaten in Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands & Fiji. They have a slightly sour taste & are commonly eaten in soups & stews. Is used in Indonesian cuisine. Seeds are used for sour vegetable soup & also made into raw chips that later need to be deep-fried as crackers. Crackers have a slightly bitter taste & are frequently served as a snack or accompaniment to Indonesian dishes. Melinjo strobili are rich in a stilbenoid composed of Resveratrol. Resveratrol is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol or polyphenol & a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when plant is under attack by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi. Sources of resveratrol in food include skin of Grapes, Blueberries, Raspberries, Mulberries & Peanuts. Unlike other Gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in Xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating Scorpionflies ___ Gymnosperms (Clade Gymnospermae) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes ¹Conifers, ²Cycads, ³Ginkgo & ⁴Gnetophytes, forming Clade Gymnospermae. Gymnosperm comes from the composite word in Greek gymnos, 'naked' + sperma, 'seed' literally meaning 'naked seeds'. Name is based on unenclosed condition of their seeds (called Ovules in their unfertilized state). Non-encased condition of their seeds contrasts with seeds & Ovules of Flowering Plants (Angiosperms), which are enclosed within an Ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones or on their own as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo. Life cycle of a gymnosperm involves alternation of generations, with a dominant diploid sporophyte phase & a reduced haploid gametophyte phase, which is dependent on porophytic phase. ___ ♤ Clade Gymnospermae ¹Conifers ²Cycads ³Ginkgo ⁴Gnetophytes ___ Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) = Monocotyledon + Dicotyledons ___ ♧ Phylum Tracheophyta ♤¹ Class Cycadopsida - ²Cycads ♤² Class Ginkgoopsida - ³Ginkgo ♤³ Class Liliopsida - Monocotyledon ♤⁴ Class Lycopodiopsida - Lycopods/Lycophytes... Clubmosses, Firmosses, Spikemosses, Quillworts ♤⁵ Class Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons ♤⁶ Class Pinopsida - ¹Conifers ♤⁷ Class Polypodiopsida - Ferns ___ ♤⁶ Class Pinopsida (836) - ¹Conifer Trees ◇¹ Subclass Cupressidae (440) - Araucarians & Cypress ☆¹ Order Araucariales (231) •¹ Family Araucariaceae (38) - Araucarians •² Family Podocarpaceae (193) - Podocarps ☆² Order Cupressales (209) •¹ Family Cephalotaxaceae (8) - Plum Yew, Cowtail Pine •² Family Cupressaceae (173) - Cypress •³ Family Sciadopityaceae (1) - Umbrella Pine •⁴ Family Taxaceae (27) - Yew ◇² Subclass Gnetidae (119), 3 Genera ☆¹ Order Ephedrales (74), 1 ☆² Order Gnetales (44), 1 ☆³ Order Welwitschiales (1), 1 ◇³ Subclass Pinidae (277) - Pine🌲 ☆¹ Order Pinales (277) - Pine •¹ Family Pinaceae (277) - Pine Family ▪︎ Genus Abies (53) - Firs ▪︎ Genus Cathaya (1) ▪︎ Genus Cedrus (6) - Cedar ▪︎ Genus Keteleeria (3) ▪︎ Genus Larix (19) - Larches ▪︎ Genus Nothotsuga (1) - Bristlecone Hemlock ▪︎ Genus Picea (43) - Spruce ▪︎ Genus Pinus (134) - Pine ▪︎ Genus Pseudolarix (1) - Golden Larch ▪︎ Genus Pseudotsuga (4) - Douglas-fir ▪︎ Genus Tsuga (12) - Hemlock ___ ☆² Order Gnetales (44), 1 •¹ Family Gnetaceae (44) - Melinjo Family ▪︎ Genus Gnetum (44) ___