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The Twilight Zone Accident Trial (1987)

On July 23, 1982, a Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter crashed at Indian Dunes in Valencia, California, United States, during the making of Twilight Zone: The Movie. The crash killed actor Vic Morrow and child actors Myca Dinh Le and Renee Shin-Yi Chen, who were on the ground, and injured the six helicopter passengers. The incident led to years of civil and criminal action against the personnel overseeing the shoot, including director John Landis, and the introduction of new procedures and safety standards in the filmmaking industry. The accident led to civil and criminal action against the filmmakers which lasted nearly a decade. Le's father, Daniel Lee, testified that he heard Landis instructing the helicopter to fly lower.[19] All four parents testified that they were never told that there would be helicopters or explosives on set, and they had been reassured that there would be no danger, only noise.[20] Lee, who had survived the Vietnam War and immigrated with his wife to the United States, was horrified when the explosions began on the Vietnamese village set, bringing back memories of the war.[12][21] Landis, Folsey, Wingo, production manager Allingham, and explosives specialist Paul Stewart were tried and acquitted on charges of manslaughter in a nine-month trial in 1986 and 1987.[9][22] In the course of cross-examination, Wingo expressed his regret that Morrow had not looked "up at the helicopter" as he claimed he had instructed him to do, stating when questioned that Morrow "had over five seconds between the time that the sound of the helicopter changed and that impact", but later clarifying that he was not attempting to place blame. Wingo's comments were roundly derided, including by the prosecutor, Deputy District Attorney Lea Purwin D'Agostino, who during cross-examination had responded to Wingo's suggestion that Morrow could have evaded the helicopter by questioning how exactly Wingo expected him to have done so, observing that "Morrow was carrying the two youngsters in his arms while standing almost knee-deep in water as the helicopter, which had been hovering at 24 feet, spun toward him."[23] D'Agostino called the testimony "quite amazing" and questioned how Wingo could "possibly have thought that Vic Morrow could have done anything to escape that helicopter under those circumstances and conditions? It's a classic example of a defense. They're blaming the parents, they're blaming the fire safety officers, they're out here blaming everyone. Now they're blaming the dead man. It's incredible."[23] Morrow's family settled within a year;[24] the children's families collected millions of dollars from several civil lawsuits.[25] As a result of the accident, second assistant director Andy House had his name removed from the credits of Twilight Zone: The Movie and replaced with "Alan Smithee".[9] It was the first time that a director was charged due to a fatality on a set.[25][26] The trial was described as "long, controversial and bitterly divisive".[25] Screen Actors Guild (SAG) spokesman Mark Locher said at the conclusion of the trial: "The entire ordeal has shaken the industry in its bottom."[26] Warner Bros. set up dedicated safety committees to establish acceptable standards "for every aspect of filmmaking, from gunfire to fixed-wing aircraft to smoke and pyrotechnics."[11][26] The standards are regularly issued as safety bulletins and published as the Injury and Illness Prevention Program (IIPP) Safety Manual for Television & Feature Production. The IIPP manual is "a general outline of safe work practices to be used as a guideline for productions to provide a safe work environment" and is distributed to all studio employees.[11][27] The Directors Guild of America's safety committee began publishing regular safety bulletins for its members and established a telephone hotline to "enable directors to get quick answers to safety questions."[26][28] The guild also began to discipline its members for violations of its safety procedures on sets, which it had not done prior to the crash.[26] The SAG introduced a 24-hour hotline and safety team for its members and "encouraged members to use the right of refusal guaranteed in contracts if they believe a scene is unsafe."[29] Filming accidents fell by 69.6% between 1982 and 1986, although there were still six deaths on sets.[26][29] In 1987, the Office of the State Fire Marshal started the Motion Picture & Entertainment Safety Program in response to the accident and to industry concerns about inconsistent enforcement of fire prevention regulations and requirements.[30] The program oversees motion picture and television industry use of pyrotechnic special effects in California. Landis spoke about the accident in a 1996 interview: "There was absolutely no good aspect about this whole story. The tragedy, which I think about every day, had an enormous impact on my career, from which I may possibly never recover."