Symbiosis in the Animal Kingdom скачать в хорошем качестве

Symbiosis in the Animal Kingdom

Introduction The Earth as a Home: The Earth is an inviting place where life thrives through cooperation and competition for survival. Survival Tactics in Nature Mutual Aid: Many species engage in mutual aid, helping each other survive. Dolphins and Penguins: Dolphins fish together, while penguins huddle for protection against predators like orcas. Symbiotic Relationships Penguins and Elephant Seals: These animals alert each other to dangers, demonstrating an involuntary but effective mutual aid. Crocodiles and Birds: Birds guard crocodile nests, and crocodiles provide protection in return. Marine Symbiosis Pilot Fish and Jellyfish: Pilot fish use jellyfish for protection while serving as bait for predators. Clownfish and Sea Anemones: Clownfish are immune to anemone stings and clean their host, benefiting from protection and sustenance. Insect and Plant Relationships Ants and Mushrooms: Ants cultivate mushrooms, which can't grow outside the ants' nests, and they use bacteria to keep the mushrooms healthy. Termites and Protozoa: Termites rely on protozoa and bacteria in their stomachs to digest cellulose from wood. Parasitism and Exploitation Cuckoos: Cuckoo chicks eliminate competition by pushing out host eggs and securing all the food. Wasps and Caterpillars: Wasps lay eggs inside caterpillars, which serve as food for the wasp larvae. Mutual Aid Among Insects Butterfly Caterpillars and Ants: Caterpillars secrete a pheromone that makes ants protect them, and they later reward the ants with nectar. Carnivorous Plants and Bugs: Some plants rely on bugs to digest their prey and provide nitrogen-rich excrement. Human and Animal Cooperation Honeyguide Birds and Humans: In Kenya, honeyguide birds lead humans to beehives in exchange for larvae. Dogs and Baboons: In Saudi Arabia, stray dogs and baboons share a rubbish dump, with baboons sometimes adopting puppies. Conclusion Adaptability of Species: The variety of partnerships in nature shows how adaptable species are, negotiating for a safer and richer life through mutual aid, exploitation, and cooperation.