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Ianir Milevski – Donkey Figurines and the “Cult of Exchange” in the Early Bronze Age

"Cult and Interaction in the Early and Intermediate Bronze Ages" An online workshop hosted by the RIAB Minerva Center and the Institute of Archaeology at Bar-Ilan University 22 April 2021 "Donkey Figurines and the “Cult of Exchange” in the Early Bronze Age" by Ianir Milevski, Israel Antiquities Authority and Liora Horwitz, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Abstract: Donkey figurines are one of the hallmarks of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant. They appear in the archaeological record presumably after the domestication of the donkey (Equus asinus) is completed in the region. These figurines and further iconographic representations are intimately related to the function of the donkeys as burden animals, first, and riding animals, after. In this paper we will present the utilization of these figurines not only as the functional representation of caravanners and/or tradesmen related to these animals, but as a part of a "cult of exchange" in which these agents were involved. The find contexts of these figurines, primarily in burials, is further discussed in relation to this ritual role. Finally, their iconography is debated which in our view reflects what Panofsky called artistic motifs representing a ‘conventional meaning’ adapted to social, temporal, cultural and geographic backgrounds. We suggest that a significant part of the ‘conventional meanings’ of the iconography of the Early Bronze Age allegorizes social groups or social role’s activities represented by animals and icons. The figurines represent the social and symbolic relationship between the human society of the Early Bronze Age and the economic exploitation of donkeys, i.e. a sort of animalization of humans represented by animals.