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𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞 𝗙𝐨𝐫 𝗠𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝗜𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝗛𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 👩⚕ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝗠𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞💉🩺💊 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 : / @draishwaryakelkar 📌𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗯𝗼𝗼𝗸 : / draishwaryakelkar 📌𝗧𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿: / aishwayadr 📌𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 : / clinical.learning Mullerian Anomalies - ------------------------------------ Mullerian anomalies, also known as congenital anomalies of the female reproductive tract, are developmental defects of the Müllerian ducts. These ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper two-thirds of the vagina. Anomalies arise from disruptions during embryogenesis and can lead to various reproductive issues, including infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and menstrual irregularities. Classification - Mullerian anomalies are classified into several types based on the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) classification: Class I: Müllerian Agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome) Complete absence or underdevelopment of the uterus and the upper two-thirds of the vagina. Ovarian function is usually normal. Presentation: Primary amenorrhea, normal secondary sexual characteristics. Class II: Unicornuate Uterus One Müllerian duct fails to develop, resulting in a uterus with a single horn. May have a rudimentary horn, which can be non-communicating. Presentation: Asymptomatic, recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm labor, or ectopic pregnancy in the rudimentary horn. Class III: Uterus Didelphys Complete failure of fusion of the Müllerian ducts, resulting in two separate uteri, cervices, and often a duplicated vagina. Presentation: Menstrual abnormalities, infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm labor. Class IV: Bicornuate Uterus Partial fusion of the Müllerian ducts, resulting in a heart-shaped uterus with a deep fundal cleft. Presentation: Asymptomatic, recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm labor, breech presentation. Class V: Septate Uterus Failure of resorption of the septum between the fused Müllerian ducts, resulting in a uterus with a septum. Presentation: Recurrent pregnancy loss, infertility. Class VI: Arcuate Uterus Mild indentation at the uterine fundus. Presentation: Generally asymptomatic, may have a slight impact on reproductive outcomes. Class VII: Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure Uterine anomalies due to in utero exposure to DES, a synthetic estrogen. Presentation: T-shaped uterus, increased risk of infertility, and pregnancy complications. Clinical Manifestations - Reproductive Issues: Infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm labor, abnormal fetal positions. Menstrual Irregularities: Dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia. Pelvic Pain: Due to obstruction or associated endometriosis. Primary Amenorrhea: Especially in Müllerian agenesis. Diagnosis - Imaging Studies: Ultrasound: Initial evaluation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Detailed anatomical assessment. Hysterosalpingography (HSG): Evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy: Direct visualization and potential treatment. Management Surgical Correction: Septate Uterus: Hysteroscopic septum resection. Unicornuate Uterus with Rudimentary Horn: Surgical removal of the rudimentary horn if symptomatic or associated with ectopic pregnancy. Uterus Didelphys or Bicornuate Uterus: Surgical intervention is rarely needed unless symptomatic. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): For infertility associated with Mullerian anomalies. Psychological Support: Especially important for conditions like Müllerian agenesis. Clinical Relevance - Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Essential for improving reproductive outcomes and managing symptoms. Multidisciplinary Approach: Involving gynecologists, radiologists, and reproductive specialists for optimal management. Patient Education: Critical for understanding the condition and its implications on fertility and pregnancy. Understanding Müllerian anomalies is crucial for managing reproductive health and addressing associated complications effectively. 🌸🩺👩⚕️ #MullerianAnomalies #ReproductiveHealth #MedicalEducation #FMGE #NEETPG #USMLE #Infertility #PregnancyLoss #CongenitalAnomalies #Gynecology #Obstetrics #PrimaryAmenorrhea #MenstrualIrregularities #ReproductiveMedicine #MedicalNotes #DoctorLife #MedStudentLife #ExamPreparation #BoardExams #StudyMedicine #HealthcareProfessionals #PatientCare #ClinicalPractice #MedicalReview #WomensHealth #PelvicPain #AssistedReproductiveTechnologies #SurgicalCorrection