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The Hundred Years' War: France VS England

The Hundred Years' War was one of the longest and most decisive conflicts in European history, a confrontation that, far from being a single, continuous war, unfolded in waves of battles, truces, and betrayals between the kingdoms of France and England. Its roots lie in dynastic, economic, and territorial disputes, but also in the ambition of two powers seeking to dominate trade, strategic territories, and royal legitimacy in a constantly changing Europe. What began as a claim to the French throne ultimately transformed into a protracted clash between two visions of power. Throughout the conflict, key figures emerged who shaped the course of history. Edward III of England and his son, the Black Prince, led the English army to decisive victories thanks to the innovative use of the longbow and more flexible tactics that challenged traditional medieval formations. Battles like Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt demonstrated that heavy cavalry was no longer invincible and that warfare was evolving into a new era. These English victories not only weakened the French nobility but also changed the perception of military power in Europe. France, however, found its strength in leaders capable of unifying kingdoms fragmented by internal strife. The emergence of Joan of Arc was an unexpected turning point: a young peasant girl who, guided by her faith, managed to inspire an entire country and revive the morale of a weary army. Under her leadership, the French recovered key territories and restored confidence to a king who seemed destined for failure. Although Joan was captured and executed, her legacy strengthened French resolve and changed the course of the war. The conflict culminated in the almost complete expulsion of the English from French territory, with the exception of Calais, and the rise of a stronger, more centralized France. The Hundred Years' War marked the end of the feudal era, accelerated the use of firearms, and solidified national identities that endure to this day. Despite its name, this was not merely a protracted conflict, but a profound transformation that redefined politics, society, and warfare in Europe.