Bulbar group (CN IX, X, XII) of nerves examination скачать в хорошем качестве

Bulbar group (CN IX, X, XII) of nerves examination

The “bulbar” cranial nerves—IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XII (hypoglossal) control vital functions of speech, swallowing, and airway protection.They're called bulbar because their nuclei lie in the medulla oblongata, historically referred to as the "bulb." One striking clinical distinction:In upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions (e.g., pseudobulbar palsy from bilateral corticobulbar tract damage), patients exhibit spastic dysarthria, exaggerated gag reflex, and emotional lability.In lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions (true bulbar palsy), patients have flaccid dysarthria, nasal speech, absent gag reflex, and tongue atrophy/fasciculations (due to CN XII involvement). This contrast is critical in diagnosing conditions like ALS, where pseudobulbar and bulbar features may coexist—helping distinguish it from isolated brainstem or peripheral pathology. #neurology #neuroexam #medicalstudent #bulbar #pseudobulbar