Paediatrics: Hypospadias: Free MSRA Podcast скачать в хорошем качестве

Paediatrics: Hypospadias: Free MSRA Podcast

⚕️ FREE MSRA PODCAST – Hypospadias 🎧 A clear, high-yield breakdown of this common congenital penile abnormality – perfect for exam prep and real-life clinical scenarios. 🧠 Key Learning Points 📌 Definition • Hypospadias is a congenital malformation where the urethral opening is found on the underside (ventral) of the penis, rather than at the tip. 📌 Causes & Risk Factors • Multifactorial: genetic + environmental factors • Family history: 5–15% risk in male siblings • Maternal risk factors: • Advanced maternal age • Exposure to hormones or certain medications in pregnancy • Low birth weight 📌 Pathophysiology • Caused by incomplete fusion of urethral folds during fetal development • Results in ectopic ventral urethral meatus and often chordee (downward curvature) 📌 Symptoms • Abnormal urinary stream (spraying, poor aim) • Ventral urethral opening (anywhere from glans to scrotum) • Hooded foreskin (incomplete ventrally) • Chordee (ventral curvature of penis) • Mnemonic: “HUCC” – Hypospadias, Urinary stream, Chordee, Curved foreskin 📌 Differential Diagnosis • Epispadias – dorsal (upper) urethral opening • Concealed (buried) penis – normal urethra but hidden by tissue • Disorders of sexual development 📌 Diagnosis • Clinical examination – visible ventral meatus, curvature, hooded foreskin • Check for associations: • Cryptorchidism (10%) • Inguinal hernia • Ultrasound if upper tract anomalies suspected • Avoid circumcision before specialist review 📌 Management • Refer to paediatric urology • Surgical correction: Typically performed at ~12 months • Allows for adequate penile growth • Improves urinary function, cosmetic appearance, and preserves fertility • Do not circumcise before surgery – foreskin may be needed for repair • Mild distal cases may not require surgery 📌 Complications • Urethral stricture • Fistula formation • Persistent/recurrent chordee • Cosmetic dissatisfaction • Psychological impact • Long-term follow-up essential for early detection 📌 Prognosis • Generally excellent with surgery • Success depends on severity, associated abnormalities, and surgical technique • Some may require re-do operations 📎 More MSRA Resources for Hypospadias 📝 Revision Notes: https://www.passthemsra.com/topic/hyp... 🧠 Flashcards: https://www.passthemsra.com/topic/hyp... 💬 Accordion Q&A Notes: https://www.passthemsra.com/topic/hyp... 🚀 Rapid Quiz: https://www.passthemsra.com/topic/hyp... 🎓 Full Course: https://www.passthemsra.com/courses/p... Hashtags #MSRA #MSRARevision #MSRATextbook #MSRAQuiz #MSRAQuestionBank #MSRAFlashcards #MSRAQandANotes #MSRAAccordions #MultiSpecialtyRecruitmentAssessment #MSRAOnlineRevision #MSRARevisionWebsite #Paediatrics #Hypospadias