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Analytical Aerial Triangulation

Analytical Aerial Triangulation is an introductory-level photogrammetry presentation explaining the geometric and computational principles behind transforming overlapping aerial photographs into accurate 3D ground coordinates. The presentation covers the integration of airborne GPS (AGPS), ground control points (GCPs), bundle block adjustment, and collinearity condition equations, illustrating how imagery from film and digital cameras - including the Wild RC30, Leica ADS40, and RIEGL VUX-1UAV is used for precise geospatial mapping. It also explores calibration processes, including fiducial mark geometry, camera calibration certificates, and least squares adjustment for minimizing measurement errors. Practical examples from Antigua and Barbuda and Bermuda demonstrate real-world application of photogrammetric principles for national-scale mapping, infrastructure, and land administration projects. The presentation concludes by highlighting how advancements in UAV-based LiDAR-photogrammetry fusion have modernized the accuracy and efficiency of aerial triangulation workflows.