Phrase structure rules (ps rules ) in linguistics by Noam Chomsky скачать в хорошем качестве

Phrase structure rules (ps rules ) in linguistics by Noam Chomsky

Phrase structure rules are formal, categorial rules that describe how words and phrases are grouped together to form grammatical sentences and larger syntactic structures. Represented as rewrite rules (e.g., S → NP VP), these rules specify the constituents and their allowable order, such as a sentence (S) consisting of a noun phrase (NP) followed by a verb phrase (VP). By applying these rules recursively, one can generate a tree diagram, a visual representation of a sentence's deep structure, or its underlying syntactic organization.  How Phrase Structure Rules Work Symbols and Categories:  Each rule uses symbols to represent phrasal categories (like NP for Noun Phrase or VP for Verb Phrase) and lexical categories (like N for Noun, V for Verb, or Det for Determiner).  Rewrite Rules:  The rules take the form of a "rewrite rule" (e.g., X → Y Z). This means that the category X on the left can be replaced by the sequence of categories Y and Z on the right.  Hierarchical Structure:  These rules define a hierarchy of phrases, showing how smaller phrases are built from words and how these smaller phrases combine to form larger phrases.  Optionality:  Parentheses are often used to indicate optional elements within a phrase structure. For example, NP → Det N indicates that a determiner (Det) is optional in a noun phrase, while the noun (N) is not.  Examples of Phrase Structure Rules Sentence (S):  S → NP VP  Meaning: A sentence is composed of a Noun Phrase and a Verb Phrase.  Noun Phrase (NP):  NP → (Det) (Adj) N  Meaning: A Noun Phrase can consist of an optional Determiner, an optional Adjective, and a Noun.  Verb Phrase (VP):  VP → V (NP) (PP)  Meaning: A Verb Phrase includes a Verb, with an optional Noun Phrase and an optional Prepositional Phrase.  Prepositional Phrase (PP):  PP → P NP  Meaning: A Prepositional Phrase is made up of a Preposition followed by a Noun Phrase.  Application Generating Tree Diagrams:  Phrase structure rules are used to build tree diagrams that visually represent the hierarchical structure of sentences.  Determining Grammaticality:  These rules help determine whether a given sequence of words forms a grammatically correct sentence within a language's syntactic system.  Linguistic Analysis:  They provide a formal way to analyze and describe the underlying structure of sentences, a core concept in linguistics.