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Electron Transport / Oxidative Phosphorylation

Dr. Michael Garoutte provides a detailed overview of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, including the mechanisms of ATP synthase (complex 5) and its Fₒ and F₁ components. This lecture simplifies the mitochondrion, explaining the roles of enzyme complexes 1-5 in redox reactions, electron transfer to oxygen, and proton transport. Key concepts include chemiosmotic potential, electrochemical gradients, and the coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation. The lecture covers coenzymes and cofactors from B vitamins (FAD, NAD, coenzyme Q), inhibitors and uncouplers (like dinitrophenol), and explores the F₀ and F₁ components of ATP synthase, detailing the roles of alpha and beta subunits, proton binding sites, conformational changes, and the c-ring. Shuttle systems (malate-aspartate, glycerol 3-phosphate) for NADH transport are discussed, along with how enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase detoxify reactive oxygen species. #biochemistry #electron transport chain #oxidativephosphorylation #mitochondria #ATPsynthase #redoxreactions #coenzymes #Bvitamins #bioenergetics Chapters: 0:00:03 Introduction to Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 0:00:14 Overview of the Electron Transport Chain 0:00:49 Enzyme Complexes 1-5 0:01:28 Chemiosmotic and Electrochemical Potential 0:01:58 Oxidative Phosphorylation Explained 0:02:28 Coupling of Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 0:02:51 Stoichiometry of Oxygen and ATP Production 0:04:13 Redox Reactions and Electron Carriers 0:04:42 Coenzymes and Cofactors from Vitamin Sources 0:05:02 Role of B Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B12) 0:06:29 Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone) and Cytochromes 0:07:22 Reduction Potential and Electron Transfer Steps 0:08:04 The Q Cycle 0:08:13 Complex 1: NADH to Flavin Mononucleotide 0:09:03 Complex 2: Succinate Dehydrogenase 0:09:39 Complex 3: Cytochrome Electron Transfer 0:10:07 Complex 4: Cytochrome C and Proton Pumping 0:10:42 Multi-Enzyme Complexes (Respirasomes) 0:11:38 Quantification of Protons Pumped 0:12:05 Inhibitors of Electron Transport 0:12:21 Uncouplers: Dinitrophenol 0:13:59 Complex 5: ATP Synthase (Fₒ and F₁) 0:14:43 Structure of ATP Synthase 0:15:29 Linker Arm and Gamma Shaft 0:16:12 F₁ Component and Beta Subunits 0:16:27 Alpha and Beta Subunits in ATP Synthesis 0:16:43 Subunit Rotation and Conformational Changes 0:17:21 The Loose Site and ADP/Phosphate Diffusion 0:17:45 Tight Binding and ATP Formation 0:18:16 Subunit Conformation Changes 0:19:14 Proton Requirements for ATP Production 0:19:23 The Fo Complex and C Ring Structure 0:20:16 Proton Diffusion and Subunit Rotation 0:21:18 C-Ring Subunits and Ion Pairs 0:21:49 Species-Specific Variations in C Ring Subunits 0:22:33 Confocal Microscopy of C Units 0:23:19 Sodium Ions and ATP Generation 0:23:29 NADH Transport into Mitochondria 0:23:56 Malate-Aspartate and Glycerol 3-Phosphate Shuttles 0:24:38 ATP Yield per NADH via Different Shuttles 0:25:30 Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter 0:26:04 Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes 0:27:17 ATP Accounting in Muscle 0:27:32 Reactive Oxygen Species and Detoxification 0:28:07 Superoxide Dismutase 0:28:42 Catalase and Hydrogen Peroxide 0:30:11 Glutathione and Reactive Oxygen Species