📰 Unveiling Genome Editing: Evolution from Zinc Finger Nucleases to CRISPR-Cas9 скачать в хорошем качестве

📰 Unveiling Genome Editing: Evolution from Zinc Finger Nucleases to CRISPR-Cas9

Genome editing has been going on for a lot longer than you may have considered. For example in agriculture, humans intervene to accelerate the rate of editing by practices where we select for more desired properties in plants and animals. Starting with chemically-induced, random editing in the 1920s, we are now at a stage where we can precisely edit genomes using CRISPR Cas9 to make double-stranded DNA breaks in genomes. The CRISPR-cas9 tool is engineered from an adaptive immune response used by bacteria. It consists of a protein called Cas9 (Cas stands for CRISPR-associated), an RNA guiding sequence (called a guide RNA) and a 20 nucleotide sequence that matches the sequence in the genome that you wish to create double-stranded DNA breaks in. The entire length of the guide RNA (also called gRNA or CRISPR RNA is 100 nucleotides. The 20 nucleotide sequence (if you're using Cas from the bacteria Streptococcus Pyogenes) matches what is called a Protospacer in the genome. Cas9 from Streptococcus progenies needs three particular basepairs next to the Protospacer to signal to it that it should cut. The three nucleotides - called Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) are NGG (where N is any nucleotide followed by two Guanines). Cas9 has multiple functions: 1) it can act as a helicase and unwind double-stranded DNA 2) it can recognise particular sequences in DNA guided by the RNA 3) it can produce double-stranded DNA breaks in DNA Here's a fascinating history of how far the scientific community have come in terms of genome editing capabilities. *ADDITIONAL INFO: Transcription Activator-Like Effector proteins (TALEs) are 34 amino acid long small protein modules that read one nucleotide at a time. Zinc fingers on the other hand, are 20-30 amino acids long and recognise a minimum of 2 or 3 base pairs at a time. This is why they're much much complex to work with than TAL Effectors. All images have been created using the BioRender software. Find it at BioRender.com . . . . . . This video is about genome editing using the CRISPR Cas9 system, background on genome editing, CRISPR-cas9, Cas9 gRNAs, guide RNAs, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique, CRISPR-cas9, Genome editing history, Zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, CRISPR-Cas9, Genetic engineering evolution, DNA editing technologies, Gene editing methods, Molecular biology advancements, CRISPR-Cas9 revolution, Genome modification tools, Targeted gene editing, Precision genome engineering, Biotechnology breakthroughs, Gene therapy progress and History of genetic manipulation . . . . . Music: Shine by Joakim Karud http://joakimkarud.com/use-my-music/