12. Biotechnology скачать в хорошем качестве

12. Biotechnology

#biotechnology Core DNA Technology Terms • #restriction enzyme: A bacterial protein that cuts DNA at specific sequences. • DNA ligase: An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together. • Genome: All the DNA contained in an organism’s cell nucleus. • Haplotype: A group of linked genetic variations in the human genome. • Plasmid: A small, circular DNA molecule used as a vector in genetic engineering. Applications of DNA Technology • DNA microarray: A chip or slide containing DNA fragments used to study many genes at once. • Recombinant DNA: DNA that includes genetic material from different sources. • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A technique used to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. • Genetic engineering: Technology that alters an organism’s DNA by inserting DNA from another organism. • Gene therapy: A method for correcting disease-causing genes. Fields of Study • #genomics : Study of an organism’s entire genome. • Proteomics: Study of protein structure and function. • Pharmacogenomics: Study of how genetic differences affect drug responses. • Bioinformatics: Field that builds and maintains databases of biological and genomic information. Processes & Techniques • Transformation: When a bacterial cell takes up DNA from an external source. • Cloning (in genetic engineering): Producing many identical copies of recombinant DNA. • DNA typing: Technique used in forensics to identify individuals by comparing DNA samples. • Gel electrophoresis: Method that separates biological molecules by size using electric current. Organisms • Transgenic organism: An organism genetically engineered to contain a gene from another species.