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The Deception of Sameness: Identity and Knowledge

The source provides an extensive philosophical exploration of the concept of sameness or identity, arguing that it is not a fixed, simple rule but a flexible, context-dependent tool. It outlines a fundamental conflict between logical identity, which is absolute and abstract, and gnosiological identity, which is based on the practical act of knowing and recognizing things in the real world. The discussion uses Peter Geach's paradox of the clay and the statue to demonstrate that identity is relative to the sortal term or category chosen for the object. Furthermore, the text introduces Gottlob Frege's work on the identity of signs (like the Morning Star and Evening Star) to show how language creates new knowledge. Finally, the source concludes that practical identity in the modern world is based on the abstraction of distinguishability, meaning we actively choose to ignore minor differences to define objects as "close enough" or the same within a specific interval concept.