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The Birth of China's Naval Power - How the PLA Built a Navy

Origins of the PLA Navy: The PLA Navy was only formally established in April 1949, as the Communist forces realized they had to fight in a maritime theater after crossing the Yangtze. The retreating Nationalists held Taiwan and many offshore islands, forcing Mao’s agrarian army to build a navy rapidly Zhang Aiping – Founder of the East China Navy Zhang Aiping, a Long March veteran and political commissar, was handpicked by Mao to lead the East China Navy despite lacking naval training. His strength lay in personnel management and persuasion, skills developed in United Front work “Building While Fighting” The PLA Navy was created amid ongoing amphibious campaigns, forcing leaders to develop doctrine, personnel, and equipment under fire -“fighting while building, building while fighting” Recruiting Nationalist Personnel The PLA absorbed Nationalist officers and sailors left behind on the mainland, some through amnesty programs and persuasion. A major coup was the mutiny of the Nationalist Second Squadron, which handed over 30 ships and 1,200 men. Managing Loyalty and Ideological Tensions Former Nationalists were better educated, urban, and cosmopolitan compared to the PLA’s rural cadre. To secure loyalty, the CCP pragmatically bent its egalitarian principles by offering higher pay, better food, and leadership roles to ex-Nationalists Improvised Fleet and Logistics The new navy inherited old, damaged, and mismatched ships — many sabotaged by retreating Nationalists. Civilian fishing boats and trawlers were conscripted for amphibious transport, underscoring PLA improvisation. The First Flagship The PLA Navy’s first flagship was originally a Japanese gunship, captured by mutiny, scuttled to avoid air strikes, later salvaged, and crewed by a former Nationalist officer. Doctrinal Development The PLA synthesized multiple sources: Guerrilla warfare lessons (night attacks, close engagements, civilian integration). Western naval practices via absorbed Nationalist officers trained abroad. Soviet technical assistance, though selectively adapted to Chinese conditions Institutional Independence Debate surrounded whether the Navy should remain subordinate to the Army. Commander Xiao Jinguang argued successfully for the PLAN to be a strategic independent service, coequal to the Army and Air Force, headquartered in Beijing to ensure political influence The origin story left a lasting “institutional personality”: improvisation, pragmatism, reliance on civilian integration, and selective borrowing from foreign powers. 00:00 – PLA Navy history and Chinese Civil War context 00:06 – How the PLA built a navy from scratch during the Chinese Civil War 01:01 – Guest expert: Dr. Toshi Yoshihara – author of Red Star Over the Pacific & Mao’s Army Goes to Sea 01:27 – Why study the PLA Navy? Yoshihara’s research into China’s naval strategy 02:37 – China’s rise to sea power: key findings from Red Star Over the Pacific 03:10 – Why the PLA Navy’s origin story shapes its modern DNA and strategy 04:03 – Founding the PLA Navy in 1949: aftermath of the Chinese Civil War 05:02 – Mao Zedong’s challenge: crossing the Yangtze and preparing for a maritime theatre 05:56 – Lessons for institutions: how armies adapt to maritime operations 07:07 – Zhang Aiping biography: founder of the East China Navy 08:05 – United Front work and Zhang Aiping’s rise to naval leadership 09:47 – Zhang Aiping’s later career: Ijiangshan campaign, nuclear program, Defence Minister 11:32 – Mao appoints Zhang Aiping to create the PLA Navy from scratch 13:03 – Building the East China Navy with no ships, funds, or personnel 13:26 – Fighting while building: creating a navy during civil war operations 13:44 – How the PLA Navy recruited sailors: absorbing Nationalists and mutineers 15:31 – Yangtze River crossing and the defection of the Nationalist 2nd Squadron 17:47 – Ensuring loyalty: integrating ex-Nationalist officers into the PLA Navy 19:43 – Pragmatic integration: better pay, food, and advisory roles for ex-Nationalists 20:38 – Mao meets ex-Nationalist officers in 1949 to secure loyalty 22:12 – How the PLA Navy acquired ships: improvisation and salvaging 24:04 – The PLA’s hodgepodge fleet: old ships, fishing boats, and civilian vessels 24:49 – First flagship of the PLA Navy: from Japanese gunship to Communist control 26:02 – Developing PLA Navy doctrine: guerrilla warfare at sea and civil-military fusion 27:13 – Western influence: Nationalist officers trained in the US and Europe 29:01 – Soviet advisors and selective borrowing for PLA Navy doctrine 31:07 – PLA Navy command structure: independent service vs. Army control 32:10 – Xiao Jinguang as the first naval commander and strategist 32:57 – Why the PLA Navy became an independent strategic service 33:45 – Western misconceptions about the “People’s Liberation Army Navy” label 35:18 – Key lessons: PLA Navy’s ambitious founding vision 36:01 – Preview of Part Two: Jinmen & Hainan amphibious campaigns

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